The Predictors of Intent to Prevent Obstetric Fistula Recurrence Among Women with Fistula in Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Diagrammatic representation of the sampling technique.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Women with an Obstetric Fistula at Fistula Centers of Addis Ababa and Oromia, 2019 (n=478)

Factors	Categories	Numbers (n=478)	Percentage (%)
Residence	Urban	117	24.5
	Rural	361	75.5
Marital status	Never married	13	2.7
	Married	290	60.6
	Divorced/Separated	163	34.1
	Widowed	12	2.5
Occupation	Paid works	79	16.5
	Unpaid works	399	83.5
Educational status	Cannot read and write	317	66.3
	Read and write	35	7.3
	Primary schools	91	19.0
	Secondary and preparatory school	25	5.2
	College/university	10	2.1
Husbands’ educational status	Cannot read and write	271	58.3
	Read and write	56	12.0
	Primary schools	66	14.2
	Secondary and preparatory school	55	11.8
	College/university	17	3.7
Living with whom	Only with my husband	165	34.5
	With husband and children	28	5.9
	Only with my parents	147	30.8
	Relatives	43	9
	Only with my children	16	3.3
	Alone	79	16.5

Table 2 Reproductive Health-Related Factors of Women with an Obstetric Fistula at Fistula Centers of Addis Ababa and Oromia, 2019 (n=478)

Factors	Categories	Numbers (n=478)	Percentage (%)
Was your pregnancy with which you encountered a fistula planned?	Planned	302	63.2
	Not planned	176	36.8
Was your pregnancy in which you encountered a fistula, followed by ANC?	ANC	195	40.8
	No ANC	283	59.2
Place of delivery when fistula occurred	At health facility	344	72
	At home	134	28
Delivery at home assisted by	Relatives/family	38	30.6
	Neighbors	60	48.4
	UTBA	23	18.5
	TTBA	2	1.6
Number of obstetric fistulae encountered	First time	247	51.7
	Second time	125	26.2
	Third time and more	106	22.2
The previous number of fistula repaired	None	231	48.3
	One	129	27.0
	Two	64	13.4
	Three or more	54	11.3
Previous repair outcome	Successful	68	27.5
	Unsuccessful	179	72.5
Duration lived with fistula	6 weeks −2 years	270	56.5
	2 years and 3 months −4 years	57	11.9
	≥5 years	151	31.6
Time of care-seeking after fistula	0–24 weeks	292	61.1
	25–48 weeks	71	14.9
	49–72 weeks	5	1.0
	73–96 weeks	35	7.3
	≥97weaks	75	15.7
Self-esteem	Low self-esteem	386	80.8
	High self-esteem	92	19.2
Knowledge of risk factors of fistula	Low knowledge	217	45.4
	High knowledge	261	54.6
Attitude towards fistula recurrence prevention	Negative attitude	267	55.9
	Positive attitude	211	44.1

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; UTBA, untrained traditional birth attendant; TTBA, trained traditional birth attendant.

Table 3 Intent to Prevent Fistula Recurrence and Items Mean Score Among Women with Obstetric Fistula at Fistula Centers of Addis Ababa and Oromia, 2019 (n=478)

	Mean	Standard Deviation
Intent to prevent fistula recurrence score	27.72	± 5.06
Items
Delivering by a skilled birth attendant	3.93	± 1.18
Staying close to the health facility after 36 weeks of gestation	3.75	± 1.14
Going to the health facility immediately after labor begin	3.85	± 1.19
Delivering at the health facility	4.07	± 1.15
Having a vaginal delivery	2.82	± 1.23
Having a caesarean section	3.33	± 1.48
Using traditional medicine to speed up labor	2.09	± 1.08
Attending antenatal care as stipulated throughout pregnancy	3.88	± 1.04

Figure 2 Intent items median scores among women with an obstetric fistula at fistula centers of Addis Ababa and Oromia, 2019 (n=478).

Table 4 Factors Predicted the Intent to Prevent Obstetric Fistula Recurrence Among Women with an Obstetric Fistula at Fistula Centers of Addis Ababa and Oromia, 2019 (n=478)

		Intent to Prevent Fistula Recurrence
Factors	Categories	β	Std. Error	t	P-value	95% CI
Residence	Urban^†
	Rural	−2.27	0.68	−3.33	0.001*	−3.62, −0.93
Marital status	Married	1.71	0.58	2.93	0.004*	0.56, 2.85
	Not married	2.18	1.13	1.93	0.055	4.41, 0.05
	Widowed	0.01	1.51	0.01	0.994	−2.96, 2.98
	Divorced^†
Duration lived with fistula	0.13–2 years+
	2.25–4 years	1.16	0.84	1.38	0.169	−0.50, 2.82
	≥5 years	1.82	0.70	2.60	0.010*	0.44, 3.21
Knowledge of risk factors	Low knowledge^†
	High knowledge	3.12	0.57	5.45	<0.001**	1.99, 4.25
Attitude towards recurrence prevention	Negative attitude^†
	Positive attitude	2.33	0.61	3.80	<0.001**	1.12, 3.54
Self-esteem	Low self-esteem^†
	High self-esteem	1.42	0.67	2.11	0.036*	0.09, 2.74
Number of previous repairs	None	0.27	0.19	1.42	0.157	−0.11, 0.66
	One	2.14	0.99	2.17	0.031*	0.19, 4.08
	Two	0.30	0.80	0.37	0.712	−1.28, 1.87
	Three or more^†
Quality of life domain	Physical health	−0.04	0.02	−1.64	0.102	0.052, 1.93
	Psychological health	0.05	0.03	2.1	0.038*	0.26, 3.79
	Environmental health	−0.03	0.03	−1.09	0.276	0.30, 3.39

Notes: *Significant at P<0.05, **Significant at P< 0.001. ^†Reference category.

Abbreviations: β, Beta coefficient; CI, Confidence interval.