Do Attitude, Awareness and Intention to Perform Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting for Their Daughters of Women Healthcare Providers Differ from Mothers in Somalia?

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison Sociodemographic Characteristics, FGM/C-Related Characteristics and FGM/C Complications of Participants According to Groups (n = 508)

Variable	Group I	Group II	Total	Test Statistics	p value
Age, year, median (min-max)	25 (19–33)	25 (22–31)	25 (19–33)	24,770.50^a	0.052
Marital status, n (%)
Married	349 (100.0)	88 (55.3)	437 (86.0)	181.16^b	<0.001*
Single	0 (0.0)	71 (44.7)	71 (14.0)
Educational status, n (%)
Primary	129 (37.0)	0 (0.0)	129 (25.4)	498.81^b	<0.001*
Secondary	216 (61.9)	0 (0.0)	216 (42.5)
High School	2 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.4)
University	2 (0.6)	159 (100.0)	161 (31.7)
Monthly income, median (min-max) ($)	300 (100–400)	500 (500–1600)	300 (100–1600)	50,829.00^a	<0.001*
Number of children, n (%)	3 (1–10)	1 (0–4)	2 (0–10)	7698.00^a	<0.001*
Having of female child, n (%)
Yes	300 (86.4)	62 (39)	362 (71.3)	117.65^b	<0.001*
No	49 (14)	97 (61)	146 (28.7)
Age for FGM/C, (n=500), year, median (min-max)	8 (6–10)	8 (6–11)	8 (6–11)	29,926.00^a	0.013*
The person who made the decision on the participant’s FGM/C (n=500), n (%)
Mother	301 (86.2)	131 (82.4)	432 (85.0)	2.42^b	0.298
Grandmother	48 (13.8)	19 (11.9)	67 (13.2)
Neighbour	0 (0.0)	1 (0.6)	1 (0.2)
Type of FGM/C (n=500), n (%)
Type 1	8 (2.3)	4 (2.5)	12 (2.4)	2.24^b	0.325
Type 2	330 (94.6)	138 (86.8)	468 (92.1)
Type 3	11 (3.2)	9 (5.7)	20 (3.9)
Satisfying for performed FGM/C (n=500), yes, n (%)	348 (99.7)	6 (3.8)	354 (69.7)	467.30^b	<0.001*
Recall experiencing health problems at the time of FGM/C, (n=500), yes, n (%)	266 (76.2)	121 (80.1)	387 (77.4)	0.92^b	0.337
Experience on physical health problem related FGM/C (n=500), yes, n (%)	265 (75.9)	112 (74.2)	377 (75.4)	0.17^b	0.675
Physical health problem related FGM/C, (n=500), yes, n (%)
Severe pain and injury to tissues	345 (98.9)	115 (76.2)	460 (92.0)	73.75^b	<0.001*
Hemorrhage	348 (99.7)	110 (72.8)	458 (91.6)	98.86^b	<0.001*
Infection	107 (30.7)	10 (6.6)	117 (23.4)	33.97^b	<0.001*
Swelling in genital area	149 (42.7)	35 (23.2)	184 (36.8)	17.25^b	<0.001*
Acute urine retention	318 (91.1)	54 (35.8)	372 (74.4)	169.56^b	<0.001*
Painful or difficult urination	337 (96.6)	84 (55.6)	421 (84.2)	132.73^b	<0.001*
Experience on psychological health problem related FGM/C (n=500), yes, n (%)	0 (0.0)	5 (3.3)	5 (1.0)	11.67^c	0.002*

Notes: Group I: Mother, Group II: Female health professionals. *Significant at significance criteria of 0.05. ^aMann Whitney U-test, ^bChi-square test, ^cFisher exact test.

Abbreviations: FGM/C, female genital mutilation or cutting; min, minimum; max, maximum.

Table 2 Comparison of the Distributions of Participants’ FGM/C Intention for Their Daughters, FGM-Related Complications, and Characteristics of FGM/C Practice

Variable	Group I	Group II	Total	Test Statistics	p value
Intention to FGM/C for her child (n=362)	299 (99.7)	19 (30.6)	318 (87.8)	229.25^a	<0.001*
Type of FGM/C (n=173), n %
Type 1	1 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.6)	0.09^c	1.000
Type 2	158 (99.4)	14 (100.0)	172 (99.4)
Age of child at FGM/C, (n=173), year, median (min-max)	8 (6–11)	6 (5–8)	8 (5–11)	515.50^b	0.001*
Experience on physical health problem related FGM/C, (n=173), yes, n (%)	159 (100.0)	10 (71.4)	169 (97.7)	46.50^c	<0.001*
Physical health conditions (n=173), yes, n %
Pain	141 (88.7)	6 (42.9)	147 (85.5)	21.15^c	<0.00*
Hemorrhage	156 (98.1)	6 (42.9)	162 (93.6)	65.98^c	<0.00*
Infection	2 (1.3)	3 (21.4)	5 (2.9)	18.65^c	0.004*
Swelling in genital area	2 (1.3)	2 (14.3)	4 (2.3)	9.66^c	0.033*
Acute urine retention	78 (49.0)	3 (21.4)	81 (47.1)	3.94^a	0.047*
Painful or difficult urination	47 (29.5)	4 (28.6)	51 (29.5)	0.01^c	1.000
Experience on psychological health problem related FGM/C, (n=173), yes, n (%)	2 (1.3)	1 (7.1)	3 (1.7)	2.61^c	0.225

Notes: Group I: Mother, Group II: Female health professionals. *Significant at significance criteria of 0.05. ^aChi-square test, ^bMann Whitney U-test, ^cFisher exact test.

Abbreviations: FGM/C, female genital mutilation or cutting; min, minimum; max, maximum.

Table 3 Comparison of Having FGM/C, Positive Perception for Their FGM/C and Intention to FGM/C for Her Child

Variable		Group I		Group II		Test Statistics	p value
		n	%	n	%
Participant
Having FGM/C (n=508)	Yes	349	100.0	151	95.0	17.84	<0.001^a,*
	No	0	0.0	8	5.0
Positive perception for their FGM/C (n=500)	Yes	348	99.7	6	4.0	467.30	<0.001^b,*
	No	1	0.3	145	96.0
Intention to FGM/C for her child (n=362)	Yes	299	99.7	19	30.6	229.25	<0.001^b,*
	No	1	0.3	43	69.4
Child of participant
Having undergone FGM/C (n=362)	Yes	159	53.0	14	22.6	19.05	<0.001^b,*
	No	141	47.0	48	77.4

Notes: Group I: Mother, Group II: Female health professionals. *Significant at significance criteria of 0.05. ^aFisher Exact test, ^bChi-square test.

Abbreviation: FGM/C, female genital mutilation or cutting.

Table 4 Comparison of Participants’ Self-FGM/C Status and Perception with FGM/C According to Characteristics of Participants

Variable	FGM/C Status (n=508)		Test	p value	Perception of Participants with FGM/C (n=500)		Test	p value
	Cut	Uncut			Positive Perception	Negative Perception
Age, year, median (min-max)	25 (19–33)	27 (25–29)	1140.00	0.172^a	25 (19–33)	24 (22–32)	28,875.50	0.038^a,*
Marital status, n (%)
Married	433 (99.1)	4 (0.9)	8.77	0.016^c,*	352 (81.3)	81 (18.7)	172.10	<0.001^b,*
Single	67 (94.4)	4 (5.6)			2 (3.0)	65 (97.0)
Educational status, n (%)
Primary school	129 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	2.76	0.212^c	129 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	71.70	<0.001^b,*
Secondary school and above	371 (97.9)	8 (2.1)			225 (60.6)	146 (39.4)
Monthly income ($), median (min-max)	300 (100–1600)	500 (300–1600)	618.50	<0.001^a,*	300 (100–1500)	500 (300–1600)	4860.50	<0.001^a,*
Number of children, median (min-max)	2 (0–10)	0 (0–2)	3205.50	0.003^a,*	3 (0–10)	1 (0–4)	44,091.50	<0.001^a,*
Having of female child, n (%)
Yes	358 (98.9)	4 (1.1)	1.79	0.235^c	303 (84.6)	55 (15.4)	116.74	<0.001^b,*
No	142 (97.3)	4 (2.7)			51 (35.9)	91 (64.1)

Notes: *Significant at significance criteria of 0.05. ^aMann Whitney U-test, ^bChi-square test, ^cFisher exact test.

Abbreviation: FGM/C, female genital mutilation or cutting.

Table 5 Comparison of the FGM/C Status of the Participants’ Daughters and Their Intention to Allow Their Daughters to Undergo FGM/C, and Their Sociodemographic Characteristics

Variable	The FGM/C Status of the Participants’ Daughters (n=362)		Test Statistics	p value	The Intention to Allow their Daughters to Undergo FGM/C (n=362)		Test Statistics	p value
	Cut	Uncut			Yes	No
Age, year, median (min-max)	29 (22–33)	23 (19–32)	30,541.00	<0.001^a	25 (19–33)	24 (22–32)	8147.00	0.076^a
Marital status, n (%)
Married	173 (47.9)	188 (52.1)	0.91	1.000^c	318 (88.1)	43 (11.9)	7.24	0.122^c
Single	0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)			0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)
Educational status, n (%)
Primary school	105 (93.8)	7 (6.2)	137.29	<0.001^b	112 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	22.43	<0.001^b
Secondary school and above	68 (27.2)	182 (72.8)			206 (82.4)	44 (17.6)
Monthly income ($), median (min-max)	300 (100–1600)	300 (100–1600)	13,290.05	0.001^a	300 (100–1600)	500 (300–1600)	488.00	<0.001^a
Number of children, median (min-max)	4 (0–10)	2 (0–8)	28,530.50	<0.001^a	3 (0–10)	1 (0–4)	10,362.50	<0.001^a

Notes: *Significant at significance criteria of 0.05. ^aMann Whitney U-test, ^bChi-square test, ^cFisher exact test.

Abbreviation: FGM/C, female genital mutilation or cutting.

Figure 1 Views of participants on FGM/C (n = 508).

Abbreviation: FGM/C, female genital mutilation/cutting.

Figure 2 Message of participants on FGM/C (n = 127).

Abbreviation: FGM/C, female genital mutilation/cutting.