Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders Among Pregnant Women at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic, Biomedical, Obstetric and Gynecological Characteristics of Study Participants at Mulago Hospital, Uganda

Characteristics	Frequency (n=501)	Percentage (%)
Age (years)
16–24	195	39
25–34	252	50
≥35	54	11
Marital status
Single/separated/divorced	31	6
Married /cohabiting	470	94
Education level
No formal education and Primary	148	30
Secondary	288	57
Tertiary	65	13
Participants’ Income per month (Ugandan shillings)
≤200,000	424	85
>200,000	77	15
Husband has income	76	15
Relationship with spouse is good	374	75
Survivor of violence*	411	82
Number of meals in a day
<3 meals	92	18
≥3 meals	409	82
Received support during pregnancy	481	96
Takes alcohol during pregnancy	48	10
Relatives known to have mental illness	41	8
Past medical history of chronic illnesses	74	19
Parity
0	109	22
1–3	322	64
≥4	70	14
Gestational age (weeks)
13–24	37	7
25–38	373	75
>38	90	18
Planned to have the pregnancy	303	60
History of previous abortions	137	34
Complications in past pregnancy
None	333	67
Hypertension	51	10
Others^¶	117	23
Mode of delivery in past pregnancy
Normal vaginal delivery	254	65
Assisted/Caesarean	136	35

Notes: *Indicates participants who cited physical violence, verbal assault, sexual assault and/or all the three forms of violence. ^¶Indicates participants who cited diabetes, asthma, cardiac disease, HIV, among others.

Table 2 Bivariate Analysis for Socio-Demographic and Economic Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders in Pregnant Women at Mulago Hospital, Uganda

Characteristics	No anxiety disorder: N= 436 (%)	Anxiety disorder present: N=65 (%)	Crude OR, (95% CI)	p-value
Age group of pregnant women
16–24	170 (39)	25 (38)	1
25–34	222 (51)	30 (46)	0.92 (0.50–1.60)	0.77
≥35	44 (10)	10 (15)	1.55 (0.70–3.50)	0.289
Marital status
Single/separated/divorced	24 (6)	7 (11)	1
Married/cohabiting	412 (95)	58 (89)	0.97 (0.26–3.64)	0.961
Education level
No formal education and Primary	125 (29)	23 (35)	1
Secondary	254 (58)	34 (52)	0.86 (0.44–1.70)	0.672
Tertiary	57 (13)	8 (12)	0.97 (0.33–2.80)	0.950
Participants Income per month (Shillings)
≤200,000	371 (85)	53 (81)	2.39 (1.23–4.62)	0.010
>200,000	65 (15)	12 (19)	1
Relationship with spouse
Good	338 (78)	36 (56)	1
Not good*	98 (22)	28 (44)	2.13 (1.13–3.99)	0.019
Survivor of violence
None	88 (20)	2 (3)	1
Yes †	348 (80)	63 (97)	6.38 (1.49–27.32)	0.012
Number of meals in a day
<3 meals	78 (18)	14 (22)	1
≥3 meals	358 (82)	51 (78)	0.68 (0.34–1.37)	0.284
Received support during pregnancy
No	15 (3)	5 (8)	1
Yes	421 (97)	60 (92)	0.94 (0.22–4.03)	0.937

Notes: *Indicates participants who cited fair and bad relationship, ^†Indicates participants who cited physical violence, verbal assault, sexual assault and/or all the three forms of violence.

Abbreviation: CI, Confidence interval.

Table 3 Bivariate Analysis for Biomedical, Behavioural and Obstetric/Gynecological Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders in Pregnant Women

Characteristic	No Anxiety Disorder: N=436 (%)	Anxiety Disorder Present: N=65 (%)	Crude OR, (95% CI)	p-value
Took alcohol in current pregnancy
No	397 (91)	56 (86)	1
Yes	39 (9)	9 (14)	0.63 (0.27–1.44)	0.274
Relatives known to have mental illness
No	401 (92)	59 (91)	0.65 (0.05–8.62)	0.741
Yes	35 (8)	6 (9)	1
Parity
0	90 (21)	19 (29)	1
1–3	285 (65)	37 (57)	0.64 (0.70–5.60)	0.688
≥4	61 (14)	9 (14)	0.84 (0.09–7.75)	0.880
Gestational age
13–24	33 (8)	4 (6)	1
25–38	322 (74)	51 (79)	2.40 (0.49–11.70)	0.280
>38	80 (18)	10 (15)	2.28 (0.40–12.86)	0.350
Planned to have pregnancy
Yes	270 (62)	33 (51)	1
Just happened	158 (36)	30 (46)	1.50 (0.75–3.01)	0.252
Forced/Raped	8 (2)	2 (3)	-	-
Number of children alive
0	101 (23)	20 (31)	1
1–3	287 (66)	37 (57)	0.79 (0.09–7.31)	0.839
>3	48 (11)	8 (12)	1.16 (0.06–21.30)	0.922
History of previous abortions
No	238 (67)	32 (63)	0.79 (0.37–1.67)	0.529
Yes	118 (33)	19 (37)	1
Complications in past pregnancy
None	300 (69)	33 (51)	1
Hypertension	37 (9)	14 (22)	2.93 (1.26–6.81)	0.012
Others^‡	99 (23)	18 (28)	1.30 (0.25–6.83)	0.760
Mode of delivery in past pregnancy
Normal vaginal delivery	225 (65)	29 (63)	1
Assisted/Caesarean	119 (35)	17 (37)	0.934 (0.46–1.91)	0.859
Complications during delivery
None	309 (71)	37 (57)	1
Excessive per vaginal bleeding	32 (7)	8 (12)	1.85 (0.71–4.77)	0.205
Other complications^§	95 (22)	20 (31)	3.24 (0.44–23.57)	0.246

Notes: ^‡Indicates participants who cited fits/convulsions, bleeding while pregnant at 7 months of pregnancy, labor/rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of amenorrhea and other complications like epistasis, vaginal itching, and severe malaria; ^§Indicates participants who cited blood transfusion, fever and/or pus discharge from the vagina, pain and/or swelling around the nipples, and other complications like abdominal pain, rigors, and body swelling.

Table 4 Multivariate Analysis for the Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders Among Women Attending Antenatal Care at Mulago Hospital, Uganda

Variables	Adjusted Odds Ratio	95% CI		P-value
		Lower	Upper
Marital status
Single	1
Married	0.78	0.17	3.52	0.745
Education level
No education/primary	1
Secondary	0.92	0.40	2.09	0.832
Tertiary	2.19	0.58	8.33	0.251
Participants’ income per month (shillings)
≤200,000	2.65	1.16	6.06	0.021
>200,000	1
Husband’s income
Does not know	1
Earns some income	0.35	0.10	1.29	0.114
Relationship with spouse
Good	1
Not good	2.52	1.09	5.82	0.030
Took alcohol
No	1
Yes	0.48	0.17	1.36	0.167
Gestational age (weeks)
13–24	1
25–38	2.11	0.40	11.18	0.379
>38	1.66	0.27	10.40	0.588
Complications in past pregnancy
None	1
Hypertension	4.17	1.68	10.37	0.002
Others	0.79	0.12	5.28	0.811
Mode of delivery in past pregnancy
Normal	1
Assisted/caesarean	1.31	0.60	2.85	0.501
Complications during delivery
None	1
Excessive per vaginal bleeding	1.88	0.62	5.68	0.264
Other complications	6.83	0.93	50.28	0.059