Risk factors and prevalence of osteoporosis in premenopausal women from poor economic backgrounds in Colombia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Normal	Osteoporosis	P-valuea
Diagnosis	515 (64.7)	38 (4.8)
Osteopenia	242 (30.5)
Age (years)	44.7 ± 5.5	47.5 ± 6.1
35–40	205 (27)	5 (13)
41–45	225 (30)	5 (13)
46–53	327 (43)	28 (74)
Total	757 (100)	38 (100)	0.001
Education
Literate	737 (97.3)	31 (81.5)
Illiterate	20 (2.7)	7 (18.5)	0.001
Occupation
Homemaker	484 (64)	28 (74)	0.16
Employed	227 (30)	8 (21)
Unemployed	46 (6)	2 (5)
Race
Mestizo	315 (41.6)	19 (50.6)
White	430 (56.8)	18 (46.9)	0.2
Black	12 (1.6)	1 (2.5)

Notes:

a P-value for Fisher’s exact test. Data are presented as N (%) or mean ± standard deviation.

Table 2 Patient history and comorbidities

History	Normal	Osteoporosis	P-valuea
Hypertension	109 (14.3)	7 (18.4)	0.5
Hypothyroidism	37 (4.8)	5 (13.1)	0.02
Hyperthyroidism	6 (0.8)	0	0.5
Number of pregnancies	3.4 ± 1.8	3.6 ± 2.4	0.6
Number of births	2.9 ± 1.5	2.8 ± 1.7	0.7

Notes:

a P-value for Fisher’s exact test. Data are presented as N (%) or mean ± standard deviation.

Table 3 Risk factors surveyed

Risk factor	N (%)		P-valuea
	Normal	Osteoporosis
History of diagnosis of osteoporosis in any parent or grandparent	201 (26.5)	9 (23.6)	0.69
History of hip fracture in any parent or grandparent	140 (18.4)	5 (13.1)	0.4
History of fracture as a result of slight trauma	176 (23.2)	12 (31.5)	0.23
Background of reduced height by 3 cm or more in recent years	308 (40.6)	14 (36.8)	0.63
History of excess alcohol consumption	54 (7.1)	2 (5.2)	0.66
History of consumption of more than 10 cigarettes a day	74 (9.8)	5 (13.1)	0.49
History of frequent episodes of diarrhea	146 (19.2)	8 (21)	0.78
Considered to be a physically fragile person or having reduced muscle mass	249 (32.8)	34 (89.4)	0.01
History of underweight or malnutrition	228 (30)	19 (50)	0.01
History of last menses before 45 years of age	195 (25.7)	19 (50)	0.001
History of irregular menses of more than 6 months other than during pregnancy	174 (23)	12 (31.5)	0.22
History of hormonal problems or decreased libido	374 (49.4)	16 (42)	0.38

Notes:

a P-value for Fisher’s exact test.

Table 4 Nutritional state

Characteristic	N (%)		P-valuea
	Normal	Osteoporosis
Body mass index
Low: <8.5 kg/m^2	8 (1.0)	2 (5.3)	0.02
Normal: 18.5–24.9 kg/m^2	240 (32)	19 (50)
Overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m^2	303 (40)	15 (39.4)
Obese: ≥30 kg/m^2	206 (27)	2 (5.3)
Weight	62.8 ± 11.6	55.8 ± 8.7	0.000
Height	151.3 ± 5.8	149.7 ± 5.7	0.1

Notes:

a P-value for Fisher’s exact test. Data are presented as N (%) or mean ± standard deviation.

Table 5 Multivariate analysis

Risk factora	Odds ratio	Confidence interval	P-value
Age >45 years	1.13	1.0–1.2	0.003
History of low weight or history of malnourishment	2.35	1.0–5.2	0.03
History of last menses before 45 years of age	3.41	1.6–7.2	0.001
Personal history of hypothyroidism	5.19	1.6–16.2	0.005

Notes:

a Independent variables analyzed: body mass index; weight; illiteracy; history of fracture as a result of slight trauma; considered to be a weak person or with reduced muscle mass; history of underweight or malnutrition; history of irregular menses of more than 6 months other than during pregnancy; history of last menses before 45 years of age; age >45 years; antecedent of hypothyroidism. P-value for Chi square test.