COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance of Pregnant Women in Thailand

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics

	Total (n = 200)	Not willing to receive vaccine (n = 166)	Willing to receive vaccine (n = 34)	P-value
Age (years) N (%)				0.74 ^b
< 25	19 (9.50)	16 (9.64)	3 (8.82)
25–34	130 (65.00)	106 (63.86)	24 (70.59)
≥ 35	51 (25.50)	44 (26.51)	7 (20.59)
Gestational age (weeks) Median (q1 – q3)	30.50 (24–36)	31 (24–36)	30 (24–35)	0.64 ^a
Trimester of pregnancy N (%)				0.51 ^b
1	22 (11.00)	19 (11.45)	3 (8.82)
2	60 (30.00)	47 (28.31)	13 (38.24)
3	118 (59.00)	100 (60.24)	18 (52.94)
Education level N (%)				0.23 ^b
No education	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)
Elementary school	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)
High school	34 (17.00)	27 (16.27)	7 (20.59)
Vocational/Technical school	30 (15.00)	27 (16.27)	3 (8.82)
Bachelor’s degree	124 (62.00)	100 (60.24)	24 (70.59)
Master’s or higher degree	12 (6.00)	12 (7.23)	0 (0.00)
Occupation N (%)				0.10 ^c
Healthcare worker	21 (10.50)	16 (9.64)	5 (14.71)
Government officer	24 (12.00)	22 (13.25)	2 (5.88)
Trader	31 (15.50)	30 (18.07)	1 (2.94)
Company employee	70 (35.00)	53 (31.93)	17 (50.00)
University employee	1 (0.50)	1 (0.60)	0 (0.00)
Self-employed	24 (12.00)	21 (12.65)	3 (8.82)
Unemployed	29 (14.50)	23 (13.86)	6 (17.65)

Notes: Data expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (q₁ – q₃), or N (%).^a assessed by Mann–Whitney U-test, ^b assessed by Chi-square test, and ^c assessed by Fisher’s exact test.

Table 2 Obstetric History

	Total (n = 200)	Not willing to receive vaccine (n = 166)	Willing to receive vaccine (n = 34)	P-value
Parity N (%)				0.68 ^b
0	122 (61.00)	103 (62.05)	19 (55.88)
1	65 (32.50)	51 (30.72)	14 (41.18)
2	11 (5.50)	10 (6.02)	1 (2.94)
3	2 (1.00)	2 (1.20)	0 (0.00)
Obstetric complications N (%)
None	159 (79.50)	132 (79.52)	27 (79.41)	0.99 ^a
Gestational DM	37 (18.50)	30 (18.07)	7 (20.59)	0.73 ^a
Multifetal gestation	2 (1.00)	2 (1.20)	0 (0.00)	> 0.99 ^b
FGR	2 (1.00)	2 (1.20)	0 (0.00)	> 0.99 ^b
Placenta previa	1 (0.50)	1 (0.60)	0 (0.00)	> 0.99 ^b
Vasa previa	1 (0.50)	1 (0.60)	0 (0.00)	> 0.99 ^b
Underlying medical conditions N (%)
None	172 (86.00)	145 (87.35)	27 (79.41)	0.22 ^a
Asthma	3 (1.50)	2 (1.20)	1 (2.94)	0.43 ^b
Anemia	2 (1.00)	1 (0.60)	1 (2.94)	0.31 ^b
Heart disease	5 (2.50)	4 (2.41)	1 (2.94)	> 0.99 ^b
Chronic hypertension	7 (3.50)	6 (3.61)	1 (2.94)	> 0.99 ^b
Chronic HBV infection	6 (3.00)	5 (3.01)	1 (2.94)	> 0.99 ^b
Thyroid disease	6 (3.00)	3 (1.81)	3 (8.82)	0.06 ^b
Systemic lupus erythematosus	4 (2.00)	3 (1.81)	1 (2.94)	0.53 ^b
End-stage renal disease	3 (1.50)	2 (1.20)	1 (2.94)	0.43 ^b
Antiphospholipid syndrome	2 (1.00)	1 (0.60)	1 (2.94)	0.31 ^b
Overt diabetes mellitus	3 (1.50)	2 (1.20)	1 (2.94)	0.43 ^b
Risk of pregnancy N (%)				0.60 ^a
No	137 (68.50)	115 (69.28)	22 (64.71)
Yes	63 (31.50)	51 (30.72)	12 (35.29)

Notes: Data expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (q₁ – q₃), or N (%).^a assessed by Chi-square test, and ^b assessed by Fisher’s exact test.

Table 3 History of Vaccination During Pregnancy

	Total (n = 200)	Not willing to get vaccine (n = 166)	Willing to get vaccine (n = 34)	P-value
Vaccination during pregnancy N (%)
No vaccination	72 (36.00)	57 (34.34)	15 (44.12)	0.28 ^a
Tetanus vaccine	121 (60.50)	46 (27.71)	12 (35.29)	0.37 ^a
Influenza vaccine	58 (29.00)	105 (63.25)	16 (47.06)	0.08 ^a
Healthcare provider recommendations regarding tetanus and influenza vaccine N (%)				0.51 ^a
Not receive recommendation	39 (19.50)	31 (18.67)	8 (23.53)
Receive recommendation	161 (80.50)	135 (81.33)	26 (76.47)
If healthcare providers suggested tetanus and influenza vaccine, were you willing to receive it? N (%)				> 0.99 ^b
No	8 (4.00)	7 (4.22)	1 (2.94)
Yes	192 (96.00)	159 (95.78)	33 (97.06)

Notes: Data expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (q₁ – q₃), or N (%).^a assessed by Chi-square test, and ^b assessed by Fisher’s exact test.

Table 4 Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Disease

	Total (n = 200)	Not willing to receive vaccine (n = 166)	Willing to receive vaccine (n = 34)	P-value
Have you received information about COVID-19 disease? N (%)				> 0.99 ^b
No	3 (1.50)	3 (1.81)	0 (0.00)
Yes	197 (98.50)	163 (98.19)	34 (100.00)
Have you ever been infected with COVID-19 disease? N (%)				0.71 ^a
Never	63 (31.50)	54 (32.53)	9 (26.47)
Infected before pregnancy	55 (27.50)	44 (26.51)	11 (32.35)
Infected during pregnancy	82 (41.00)	68 (40.96)	14 (41.18)
Severity of symptoms during infection N (%)				0.76 ^a
No symptoms	9 (6.47)	8 (7.02)	1 (4.00)
Mild severity	129 (92.81)	105 (92.11)	24 (96.00)
Moderate severity	1 (0.72)	1 (0.88)	0 (0.00)
Severe symptoms	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)
Have you contacted COVID-19 patients in your daily life? N (%)				0.06 ^a
Never	112 (56.00)	88 (53.01)	24 (70.59)
Yes	88 (44.00)	78 (46.99)	10 (29.41)
Do you practice handwashing, distancing, and mask-wearing during COVID-19 outbreaks? N (%)				NA
No	0 (0.00)
Yes	200 (100.00)	166 (100.00)	34 (100.00)
Has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted your daily life? N (%)				0.45 ^b
No impact	129 (64.50)	109 (65.66)	20 (58.82)
Concerned about infection during pregnancy	3 (1.50)	3 (1.81)	0 (0.00)
Impact on work	45 (22.50)	38 (22.89)	7 (20.59)
Impact on travel	1 (0.50)	1 (0.60)	0 (0.00)
Impact on finance	4 (2.00)	3 (1.81)	1 (2.94)
Impact on transportation	10 (5.00)	7 (4.22)	3 (8.82)
Being extra cautious about touching various objects	8 (4.00)	5 (3.01)	3 (8.82)

Notes: Data expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (q₁ – q₃) or N (%).^a assessed by Chi-square test, and ^b assessed by Fisher’s exact test.

Table 5 Attitude Toward COVID-19 Vaccination

	Total (n = 200)	Not willing to get vaccine (n = 166)	Willing to get vaccine (n = 34)	P-value
Have you received information about COVID-19 vaccines before? N (%)				> 0.99 ^c
No	1 (0.50)	1 (0.60)	0 (0.00)
Yes	199 (99.50)	165 (99.40)	34 (100.00)
Do you think you have sufficient information about COVID-19 vaccines? N (%)				0.32 ^c
No	16 (8.00)	15 (9.04)	1 (2.94)
Yes	184 (92.00)	151 (90.96)	33 (97.06)
Have you ever received a COVID-19 vaccine before? N (%)				> 0.99 ^c
No	2 (1.00)	2 (1.20)	0 (0.00)
Yes	198 (99.00)	164 (98.80)	34 (100.00)
Have you ever received COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy? N (%)				< 0.01 ^c *
No	185 (92.50)	161 (96.99)	24 (70.59)
Yes	15 (7.50)	5 (3.01)	10 (29.41)
Type of COVID-19 vaccine received? N (%)
BioNTech-Pfizer^®	95 (47.50)	77 (46.39)	18 (52.94)	0.49 ^c
Moderna^®	63 (31.50)	48 (28.92)	15 (44.12)	0.08 ^b
AstraZeneca^®	114 (57.00)	96 (57.83)	18 (52.94)	0.60 ^b
Sinovac^®	89 (44.50)	77 (46.39)	12 (35.29)	0.24 ^b
Sinopharm^®	56 (28.00)	45 (27.11)	11 (32.35)	0.53 ^b
Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses received? N (%)				0.40 ^c
Never	2 (1.00)	2 (1.20)	0 (0.00)
1 dose	1 (0.50)	1 (0.60)	0 (0.00)
2 doses	64 (32.00)	57 (34.34)	7 (20.59)
3 doses	97 (48.50)	76 (45.78)	21 (61.76)
4 doses	33 (16.50)	28 (16.87)	5 (14.71)
5 doses	3 (1.50)	2 (1.20)	1 (2.94)
Have you received mRNA-type COVID-19 vaccine? N (%)				0.09 ^b
No	53 (26.50)	48 (28.92)	5 (14.71)
Yes	147 (73.50)	118 (71.08)	29 (85.29)
Time since last COVID-19 vaccine (months) Median (q1 – q3)	9 (7–10)	9 (8–10)	8 (6–9)	0.03 ^a,*
Time since last COVID-19 vaccine N (%)				0.07 ^b
≤ 6 months	32 (16.16)	23 (14.02)	9 (26.47)
> 6 months	166 (83.84)	141 (85.98)	25 (73.53)
Have you received medical personnel advice for COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy? N (%)				< 0.01 ^b,*
No	135 (67.50)	121 (72.89)	14 (41.18)
Yes	65 (32.50)	45 (27.11)	20 (58.82)
Did medical personnel advice affect your willingness to get vaccinated during pregnancy? N (%)				< 0.01 ^b,*
Not willing	154 (77.00)	152 (91.57)	2 (5.88)
Willing	46 (23.00)	14 (8.43)	32 (94.12)
Type of COVID-19 vaccine you would choose during pregnancy N (%)
BioNTech-Pfizer^®			14 (41.18)	< 0.01 ^c,*
Moderna^®			24 (70.59)	< 0.01 ^c*
AstraZeneca^®			4 (11.76)	< 0.01 ^c,*
Sinovac^®			2 (5.88)	0.03 ^c,*
Sinopharm^®			3 (8.82)	< 0.01 ^c,*
Reasons for willing to receive COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy N (%)
To prevent infection and reduce the severity of the disease			33 (97.06)	> 0.99 ^c
To protect my child			24 (70.59)	> 0.99 ^c
Recommendations from people around me			4 (11.76)	> 0.99 ^c
Medical personnel advised vaccination			4 (11.76)	0.26 ^c
Other reasons			1 (2.94)	> 0.99 ^c
Reasons for not willing to receive COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy N (%)
Vaccine might be harmful to me		42 (25.61)
Vaccine might be harmful to my baby		127 (77.44)
Vaccine might cause a COVID-19 infection		5 (3.05)
Low risk of COVID-19 infection		35 (21.47)
Believe COVID-19 will not cause severe symptoms for me or the baby		8 (4.88)
Vaccine is not effective in preventing disease		6 (3.66)
My family did not allow me to get vaccinated		11 (6.71)
Vaccine safety data lacking for pregnant women		30 (18.29)
Cannot choose vaccine type		11 (6.71)
Did not receive medical personnel advice		12 (7.32)
Other reasons		8 (4.88)

Notes: * p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistics significant.

Data expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (q₁ – q₃), or N (%).^a assessed by Mann–Whitney U-test, ^b assessed by Chi-square test, and ^c assessed by Fisher’s exact test.