The Impact of Work–Family Conflict on Depression Among Korean Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Moderated Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction

Figures & data

Figure 1 Mediation effect model of Life Stress and moderated mediation effect model of Job Satisfaction. Conceptual framework of mediation model (A). Conceptual framework of moderated mediation model(B).

Figure 2 Flow chart (N=1325).

Table 1 Differences in Depression According to Subjects’ General Characteristics

Variables	Categories	N(%)	Depression
			M±SD	t or F(p) Scheffe
Age	26–34	53(4.0)	1.35±.39	0.066 (0.936)
	35–44	415(31.3)	1.33±.39
	≥45	857(64.7)	1.33±.40
Educational level	Middle school graduates or lower	25(1.9)	1.47±.53	1.327 (0.258)
	High school graduates	550(41.5)	1.33±.38
	Associate degrees	311(23.5)	1.33±.40
	Bachelor’s degrees	385(29.1)	1.33±.40
	Master’s degrees or higher	54(4.1)	1.26±.31
Subjective health status	Good ^a	920(69.4)	1.27±.34	46.566 (0.000) a<b<c
	Average ^b	363(27.4)	1.45±.43
	Poor ^c	42(3.1)	1.65±.68
Household income over the past year	Upper 25% ^a	331(25.0)	1.27±.33	6.596 (0.001) a<b,c
	Median 50% ^b	663(50.0)	1.34±.38
	Lower 25% ^c	331(25.0)	1.38±.46
Number of children living together	1	286(21.6)	1.38±.43	2.846 (0.058)
	2	826(62.3)	1.32±.38
	≥3	213(16.1)	1.32±.38
Living together preschool children	None	1137(85.8)	1.33±.39	−0.048 (0.962)
	Having preschool-aged child	188(14.2)	1.33±.40
Husband’s contribution to household chores	Very satisfied ^a	48(3.6)	1.21±.29	10.843 (0.000) a,b,c,d<e
	Generally satisfied ^b	539(40.7)	1.32±.40
	Average ^c	451(34.0)	1.31±.34
	Unsatisfied ^d	197(14.9)	1.35±.43
	Very unsatisfied ^e	90(6.8)	1.57±.49
Domestic helpers	Yes	127(9.6)	1.29±.39	−1.232 (0.218)
	No	1198(90.4)	1.33±.39
Employment status	Regular	768(58.0)	1.32±.37	−1.221 (0.222)
	Irregular	557(42.0)	1.35±.42
Relative to the period before COVID-19, household income	Decrease	302(22.8)	1.34±.40	0.15 (0.861)
	Same	977(73.7)	1.33±.40
	Increase	46(3.5)	1.35±.31

Notes: The results of post-hoc analysis of variables that showed significant results after ANOVA (Subjective health status, Household income over the past year, Husband’s contribution to household chores) are shown in categories for each variable.

Table 2 Correlation Between Work–Family Conflict, Life Stress, Depression, and Job Satisfaction

	Mean	SD	Work-Family Conflict r(p)	Life Stress r(p)	Depression r(p)	Job Satisfaction r(p)
Work-Family Conflict	1.91	0.44	1
Life Stress	2.02	0.36	0.27 (<.001)	1
Depression	1.33	0.39	0.19 (<.001)	0.38 (<.001)	1
Job Satisfaction	3.42	0.54	−0.32 (<.001)	−0.23 (<.001)	−0.14 (<.001)	1

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 the Mediating Effect of Life Stress on the Impact of Work–Family Conflict on Depression Among Married Employed Women

Model	Independent Variable		Dependent Variable	Coeff.	SE	t	p -value	R^2	F	p -value
Mediating effect
Step 1.	X	→	Y	0.13	0.02	5.60	< 0.001	0.10	35.83	< 0.001
Step 2.	X	→	M	0.20	0.02	8.96	< 0.001	0.12	44.46	< 0.001
Step 3.	X, M	→	Y					0.19	60.59	< 0.001
	X	→	Y	0.07	0.02	2.85	< 0.001
	M	→	Y	0.34	0.03	12.00	< 0.001
						Effect	Boot. SE		Boot. 95% CI (LLCI~ULCI)
Indirect effect (X → M → Y)						0.07	0.01		0.05 ~.09

Abbreviations: X, Work-Family Conflict; Y, Depression; M, Life Stress(mediator); Coeff, Coefficient; SE, Standard error; Boot, Bootstrapping; CI, Confidence interval; LLCI, Lower; ULCI, Upper limit confidence interval.

Table 4 The Moderated Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction on Work–Family Conflict and Depression Through Life Stress Among Married Employed Women

Model	Independent Variable		Dependent Variable	Coeff.	SE	t		p -value		R^2	F	p -value
Moderated mediation effect
Step 1.	X	→	M	0.20	0.02	9.06		< 0.001		0.12	43.13	< 0.001
Step 2.	X	→	Y	0.07	0.02	3.05		< 0.001		0.19	44.80	< 0.001
	M	→	Y	0.79	0.15	5.09		< 0.001
	W	→	Y	0.28	0.09	3.01		< 0.001
	M × W	→	Y	−0.13	0.04	−2.95		< 0.001
Conditional indirect effect				Job satisfaction		Effect			Boot. SE		Boot. 95% CI (LLCI~ULCI)
				Mean–1SD(2.88)		0.41			0.04		0.34 ~ 0.48
				Mean (3.42)		0.33			0.03		0.28 ~ 0.39
				Mean+1SD(3.97)		0.26			0.04		0.19 ~ 0.34
Moderated mediation index = −0.03									0.01		−0.05 ~ −0.01
Johnson-Neyman significance region = 4.87 (t =1.96, p < 0.05)											0.00~.29

Abbreviations: X, Work-Family Conflict; Y, Depression; M, Life Stress (mediator); W, Job satisfaction(moderator); Coeff, Coefficient; SE, Standard error; Boot, Bootstrapping; CI, Confidence interval; LLCI, Lower limit confidence interval; ULCI, Upper limit confidence interval; SD, Standard deviation.

Figure 3 Conditional effect of Work-Family Conflict on Depression by Job satisfaction.