Intimate partner violence (physical and sexual) and sexually transmitted infection: results from Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2011

Figures & data

Figure 1 Sampling scheme of the study.

Abbreviation: IPV, intimate partner violence.

Table 1 Distribution of women and prevalence of any IPV and STI in the last 12 months by the women’s background characteristics (NDHS 2011)^6,32

Background characteristics	Any IPV		P-value	STI	P-value
	Total n (%)	% (95% CI)		% (95% CI)
Age of women
15–24 years	880 (28.56)	16.55 (13.46, 20.17)	0.2250	12.28 (9.09, 16.38)	0.2063
25–34 years	1,085 (35.17)	14.83 (12.14, 17.99)		16.19 (13.55, 19.22)
35–49 years	1,119 (36.27)	12.94 (10.76, 15.49)		15.05 (12.48, 18.03)
Caste
Brahman/Chhetri	1,224 (39.68)	10.39 (8.54, 12.58)	0.0001	14.41 (11.91, 17.32)	0.3139
Janajati	1,077 (34.91)	14.63 (12.07, 17.62)		12.75 (10.29, 15.70)
Dalit	491 (15.94)	21.84 (17.04, 27.55)		19.23 (13.58, 26.51)
Other Terai caste	198 (6.42)	17.35 (10.88, 26.51)		15.95 (8.48, 27.98)
Muslim	95 (3.07)	26.50 (15.68, 41.14)		13.06 (6.67, 24.02)
Place of residence
Urban	746 (24.21)	15.88 (12.80, 19.55)	0.3834	15.67 (12.63, 19.29)	0.5039
Rural	2,338 (75.79)	14.24 (12.52, 16.15)		14.33 (12.23, 16.72)
Ecological region
Mountain	319 (10.34)	13.35 (10.14, 17.37)	0.0208	12.30 (9.11, 16.40)	0.3414
Hill	1,449 (46.98)	12.69 (10.42, 15.36)		15.88 (13.21, 18.96)
Terai	1,316 (42.67)	17.09 (14.77, 19.70)		13.89 (11.15, 17.16)
Development region
Eastern	688 (22.32)	15.54 (12.00, 19.88)	0.1968	19.25 (15.36, 23.84)	0.0627
Central	1,030 (33.38)	13.60 (11.16, 16.49)		13.88 (10.83, 17.61)
Western	320 (10.36)	10.15 (7.54, 13.52)		14.27 (10.63, 18.89)
Mid-western	499 (16.20)	16.92 (13.84, 20.51)		14.72 (11.31, 18.93)
Far-western	547 (17.74)	15.98 (11.88, 21.16)		10.52 (6.61, 16.34)
Economic status
Poor	638 (20.69)	18.37 (14.54, 22.94)	0.0250	12.47 (9.57, 16.10)	0.1455
Not poor	2,446 (79.31)	13.66 (12.05, 15.45)		15.23 (13.28, 17.40)
Number of marriages
One	2,922 (94.74)	13.65 (12.09, 15.38)	0.0001	13.89 (12.13, 15.87)	0.0001
More than one	162 (5.26)	32.34 (23.44, 42.74)		28.39 (20.08, 38.49)
Attitude towards negotiation for safer sex
Positive	2,964 (96.10)	14.2 (12.64, 15.91)	0.0022	14.72 (12.86, 16.80)	0.6108
Negative	120 (3.90)	25.45 (17.91, 35.81)		13.09 (8.42, 19.80)
Women’s occupation
No work	653 (21.16)	14.09 (10.61, 18.49)	0.0011	14.15 (10.72, 18.45)	0.8413
Agriculture	1,834 (59.45)	14.52 (12.48, 16.82)		14.17 (11.90, 16.78)
Professional	128 (4.15)	6.43 (2.94, 13.46)		17.66 (10.37, 28.43)
Sales/services	284 (9.22)	12.22 (8.35, 17.52)		16.54 (11.82, 22.68)
Manual	186 (6.02)	27.05 (20.01, 35.47)		16.30 (9.95, 25.57)
Women’s education
No education	1,481 (48.00)	18.43 (16.00, 21.13)	0.0001	15.41 (12.78, 18.48)	0.1190
Primary	563 (18.28)	13.64 (10.80, 17.07)		11.25 (8.76, 14.34)
Secondary/higher	1,040 (33.72)	9.78 (7.68, 12.38)		15.42 (12.78, 18.49)

Note: Taylor linearization method was used to estimate the standard error and P-value was calculated by Pearson chi-squared test.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence; NDHS, Nepal Demographic Health Survey; STI, sexually transmitted infection.

Table 2 Distribution of women and prevalence of any IPV and STI in the last 12 months by husband’s background characteristics (NDHS 2011)^6,32

Background characteristics	Any IPV		P-value	STI	P-value
	Total n (%)	% (95% CI)		% (95% CI)
Husband’s occupation
Agriculture	920 (29.81)	15.71 (12.71, 19.26)	0.0001	13.60 (10.83, 16.94)	0.7491
Professional	543 (17.61)	11.52 (8.56, 15.34)		14.49 (10.31, 19.98)
Sales/services	779 (25.26)	9.79 (7.89, 12.08)		14.49 (11.85, 17.60)
Manual	842 (27.31)	19.96 (16.75, 23.61)		16.07 (12.78, 20.02)
Husband’s education
No education	633 (20.55)	20.74 (16.99, 25.07)	0.0001	15.63 (11.98, 20.15)	0.7734
Primary	693 (22.47)	18.53 (14.71, 23.07)		13.81 (10.54, 17.9)
Secondary/higher	1,758 (56.99)	10.9 (9.16, 12.91)		14.64 (12.65, 16.88)
Husband’s alcohol use
No	1,484 (48.11)	8.57 (6.59, 11.08)	0.0001	13.67 (11.43, 16.27)	0.3066
Yes	1,600 (51.89)	20.26 (18.08, 22.62)		15.57 (12.95, 18.60)
Other wives
No	2,969 (96.18)	14.34 (12.79, 16.03)	0.0465	14.72 (12.91, 16.73)	0.6950
Yes	115 (3.73)	22.34 (14.46, 32.88)		13.09 (7.07, 22.95)

Note: Taylor linearization method was used to estimate the standard error and P-value was calculated by Pearson chi-squared test.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence; NDHS, Nepal Demographic Health Survey; STI, sexually transmitted infection.

Table 3 Association between IPV and STI in the last 12 months (NDHS 2011)^6,32 for women

Any IPV	Total n (%)	% (95% CI)	P-value
Yes	451 (14.64)	23.01 (17.76, 29.25)	0.0001
No	2633 (85.36)	13.22 (11.49, 15.18)

Note: Taylor linearization method was used to estimate the standard error and P-value was calculated by Pearson chi-squared test.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence; NDHS, Nepal Demographic Health Survey; STI, sexually transmitted infection.

Table 4 Multiple logistic regression model of getting STI for any IPV and other background characteristics among currently married Nepalese women (NDHS 2011)^6,32

	Adjusted odds ratio	95% CI
Any violence
No	1
Yes	1.88**	1.29, 2.73
Age of women (in years)	1.00	0.98, 1.02
Caste
Brahmin/Chhetri	1
Janajati	0.71	0.50, 1.02
Dalit	1.44	0.90, 2.31
Other Terai caste	1.08	0.47, 2.48
Muslim	0.80	0.39, 1.68
Place of residence
Urban	1
Rural	0.91	0.63, 1.30
Ecological region
Mountain	1
Hill	1.29	0.87, 1.91
Terai	0.99	0.67, 1.49
Development region
Eastern	1
Central	0.69*	0.48, 0.98
Western	0.68	0.44, 1.05
Mid-western	0.61*	0.39, 0.95
Far-western	0.41**	0.24, 0.69
Economic status
Poor	1
Not poor	1.38	0.98, 1.96
Number of marriage
Once	1
More than once	2.50**	1.59, 3.91
Attitude towards negotiation for safer sex
Positive	1
Negative	0.75	0.43, 1.31
Women’s occupation
No work	1
Professional	1.26	0.61, 2.59
Sales	1.16	0.70, 1.94
Manual	1.00	0.51, 1.94
Agriculture	1.18	0.73, 1.91
Women’s education
No education	1
Primary	0.65*	0.46, 0.93
Secondary or higher	0.90	0.58, 1.41

Notes:

* P<0.05

** P<0.01; values for male circumstances were not presented in the table.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence; NDHS, Nepal Demographic Health Survey; STI, sexually transmitted infection.

Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) [Nepal], New ERA, Macro International IncNepal Demographic Health Survey 2011KathmanduMinistry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International2012

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Measure DHS [Nepal: Standard DHS, 2011]Demographic and Health surveys (DHS) Available from: https://www.measuredhs.com/data/dataset/Nepal_Standard-DHS_2011.cfm?flag=1Accessed on January 16, 2014

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