Health-related quality of life in southern Iranian rural women: a multivariate multilevel study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Multivariate multilevel structure of domain scores (Ph, Ps, So, and En) at level 1 nested within individuals at level 2 and further nested within villages at level 3.

Abbreviations: Ph, physical domain; Ps, psychological domain; So, social relationship domain; En, environmental domain.

Table 1 Descriptive information on individual samples in three levels

	Descriptor	Value
Level 1: multivariate outcome (n=4,512 domain units)
Physical	Mean (SD)	12.71 (1.5)
Psychological	Mean (SD)	13.28 (2)
Social relationship	Mean (SD)	14.27 (2.5)
Environmental	Mean (SD)	12.53 (2.3)
Level 2: individual (n=1,128 individuals)
Chronic illness	Yes, N (%)	156 (13.8)
	No, N (%)	972 (86.2)
Age, year	Mean (SD)	31.6 (8.2)
Marital status	Single, N (%)	11 (1)
	Married, N (%)	1,065 (94.4)
	Separated or widowed, N (%)	52 (4.6)
Education	Illiterate and primary school, N (%)	753 (66.8)
	High school, N (%)	359 (31.8)
	University, N (%)	16 (14)
Level 3: villages	Total villages, n	18

Abbreviations: N, number of women; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 MA: associations between the four domain scores and covariates

	Physical domain		Psychological domain		Social relationship domain		Environmental domain
	Mean (SD)	P-value	Mean (SD)	P-value	Mean (SD)	P-value	Mean (SD)	P-value
Disease status
Chronic illness	12.46 (1.7)	0.85	12.8 (2.07)	0.67	13.98 (2.59)	0.25	11.98 (2.34)	0.91
Healthy, N	12.75 (1.42)		13.35 (1.9)		14.34 (2.47)		12.61 (2.32)
Age, years		0.001*		0.03*		0.08		0.23
Married status
Single, N	12.23 (1.02)	0.54	13.47 (1.9)	0.47	14.8 (1.47)	0.77	12 (2.4)	0.22
Married, N	12.70 (1.46)		13.26 (2)		14.26 (2.49)		12.53 (2.33)
Widowed, N	12.94 (1.65)		13.65 (1.97)		14.2 (2.75)		12.5 (2.3)
Education
Illiterate, N	12.64 (1.45)	0.54	13.12 (1.98)	0.94	14.08 (2.5)	0.49	12.31 (2.26)	0.44
High school, N	12.85 (1.48)		13.55 (1.98)		14.61 (2.4)		12.91 (2.42)
University, N	12.23 (1.02)		14.56 (2.19)		15.11 (2.8)		14.13 (1.85)

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: MA, multivariate analysis; N, number of women; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 MMA: associations between independent variables and the four domain scores

	Physical domain		Psychological domain		Social relationship domain		Environmental domain
	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value
Chronic illness, no vs yes	0.49	0.04*	0.65	0.04*	0.21	0.65	0.45	0.25
Age, years	−0.007	0.38	0.010	0.32	−0.014	0.22	0.01	0.23
Marital status, separated vs widowed
Single	1.38	0.06	0.72	0.46	0.81	0.51	1.57	0.12
Married	1.39	0.09	0.02	0.11	−2.84	0.04	0.76	0.51
Education, illiterate and primary school vs high school and university
High school	0.20	0.34	0.09	0.72	0.15	0.72	0.47	0.16
University	−0.53	0.37	−1.29	0.13	0.45	0.68	1.42	0.12

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviation: MMA, multivariate multilevel analysis.

Table 4 Correlations in individual outcomes at the individual level

	Physical capacity domain	Psychological domain	Social relationship domain	Environmental domain
Physical capacity domain	1
Psychological domain	0.18	1
Social relationship domain	0.24	0.18	1
Environmental domain	0.15	0.26	0.25	1

Table 5 Correlations in individual outcomes at the village level

	Physical capacity domain	Psychological domain	Social relationship domain	Environmental domain
Physical capacity domain	1
Psychological domain	0.69	1
Social relationship domain	0.52	0.71	1
Environmental domain	0.91	0.65	0.65	1