Factors associated with four or more antenatal care services among pregnant women: a cross-sectional survey in eight South Central Coast provinces of Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic characteristics and number of ANC services

Variable	Number of women	Number of ANC
	N (%)	Zero	1–3	4+	χ^2	P-value
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Total	907	17 (1.9)	401 (44.2)	489 (53.9)
Socio-demographic
1. Age (years)
Under 19	68 (7.5)	1 (1.5)	40 (58.8)	27 (39.7)	Fisher’s exact	0.050
20–34	731 (80.6)	16 (2.2)	310 (42.4)	405 (55.4)
Above 35	108 (11.9)	0 (0.0)	51 (47.2)	57 (52.8)
2. Ethnicity
Ethnic minority	286 (31.5)	11 (3.9)	186 (65.0)	89 (31.1)	89.9***	0.000
Nonethnic minority	621 (68.5)	6 (1.0)	215 (34.6)	400 (64.4)
3. Residency
Coastal	413 (45.5)	5 (1.2)	141 (34.1)	267 (64.7)	35.4***	0.000
Mountainous	494 (54.5)	12 (2.5)	260 (52.6)	222 (44.9)
4. Education
Secondary school and under	631 (69.6)	14 (2.2)	321 (50.9)	296 (46.9)	Fisher’s exact***	0.000
High school and higher	276 (30.4)	3 (1.1)	80 (29.0)	193 (69.9)
5. Occupation
Informal works	754 (83.1)	16 (2.0)	369 (49.0)	369 (49.0)	Fisher’s exact***	0.000
Business owners	47 (5.2)	1 (2.1)	4 (8.5)	42 (89.4)
Government officials	106 (11.7)	0 (0.0)	28 (26.4)	78 (73.6)
6. Household income
Poor and near poor	428 (47.2)	14 (3.3)	258 (60.3)	156 (36.4)	Fisher’s exact***	0.000
Middle or higher income	479 (52.8)	3 (0.6)	143 (29.9)	333 (69.5)
7. Distance to CHC
5 km and above	108 (11.9)	5 (4.6)	54 (50.0)	49 (45.4)	7.6*	0.023
Under 5 km	799 (88.1)	12 (1.5)	347 (43.4)	440 (55.1)
8. Health insurance
No	268 (29.5)	4 (1.5)	104 (38.8)	160 (59.7)	Fisher’s exact	0.078
Yes	639 (70.5)	13 (2.0)	297 (46.5)	329 (51.5)
9. Knowledge on ANC4+
No	504 (55.6)	11 (2.2)	313 (62.1)	180 (35.7)	152.4***	0.000
Yes	403 (44.4)	6 (1.5)	88 (21.9)	309 (76.7)
10. Having danger signs during pregnancy
No	340 (37.6)	5 (1.5)	152 (44.7)	183 (53.8)	0.5	0.777
Yes	567 (62.4)	12 (2.1)	249 (43.9)	306 (54.0)
Sex equality
11. Equal amount of income to that of the husband
No	772 (85.1)	13 (1.7)	355 (46.0)	404 (52.3)	Fisher’s exact*	0.021
Yes	135 (14.9)	4 (3.0)	46 (34.1)	85 (62.9)
12. Equal in decision-making
No	603 (66.5)	14 (2.3)	272 (45.1)	317 (52.6)	Fisher’s exact	0.240
Yes	304 (33.5)	3 (1.0)	129 (42.4)	172 (56.6)
13. Equal roles in ANC care
No	300 (33.1)	6 (2.0)	154 (51.3)	140 (46.7)	9.5**	0.008
Yes	607 (66.9)	11 (1.8)	247 (40.7)	349 (57.5)
14. Communication on ANC
No	747 (82.4)	5 (3.1)	88 (55.0)	67 (41.9)	11.9**	0.003
Yes	160 (17.6)	12 (1.6)	313 (41.9)	422 (56.5)
15. Domestic violence
No	764 (84.2)	12 (1.6)	325 (42.5)	427 (55.9)	9.0*	0.011
Yes	143 (15.8)	5 (3.5)	76 (53.2)	62 (43.3)
Male involvement in ANC
16. Accompanied to ANC visits by the husband
Sometime	170 (18.8)	6 (3.5)	89 (51.2)	79 (45.3)	8.1*	0.018
Every time	733 (81.2)	11 (1.5)	213 (42.6)	410 (55.9)
17. Accompanied to ANC visits by the husband
No	347 (38.3)	9 (2.6)	169 (48.7)	109 (48.7)	6.9*	0.031

Notes:

* Represents statistically significant at P<0.05;

** represents statistically significant at P<0.01;

*** represents statistically significant at P<0.001. Bold values indicate significance that are less than 0.05.

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; ANC4+, four or more antenatal care visits/services; CHC, commune health center.

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with ANC4+

Variables	Bivariate analyses		Multivariate analyses
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Socio-demographic
1. Age (years)
Under 19	Ref		Ref
20–34	1.9 (1.13–3.14)*	0.013	0.7 (0.38–1.38)	0.331
Over 35	1.7 (0.91–3.16)	0.09	0.5 (0.24–1.17)	0.101
2. Ethnicity
Ethnic minority group	Ref		Ref
Nonethnic minority group	4 (2.9–5.5)***	0.000	2 (1.24–3.16)**	0.004
3. Residence
Coastal	Ref		Ref
Mountainous	0.44 (0.34–0.59)***	0.000	0.92 (0.62–1.36)	0.068
4. Education
Secondary school and under	Ref		Ref
High school and higher	2.6 (1.93–3.58)***	0.000	1.7 (1.16–2.48)**	0.006
5. Occupation
Informal works	Ref		Ref
Owner business	10.2 (3.89–26.76)***	0.000	3.1 (1.08–8.78)*	0.035
Government officials	3.4 (2.12–5.40)***	0.000	1.9 (1.11–3.26)*	0.018
6. Household income
Poor and near poor	Ref		Ref
Middle/higher income	4 (2.9–5.3)***	0.000	2.3 (1.63–3.30)***	0.000
7. Distance to CHC
5 km and above	Ref		Ref
Within 5 km	0.7 (0.4–1.0)	0.057	0.8 (0.46–1.26)	0.287
8. Knowledge on ANC4+
No
Yes	5.9 (4.3–8.2)***	0.000	2.4 (2.06–2.86)***	0.000
9. Having danger signs during pregnancy
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1 (0.8–1.3)	0.966	1.1 (0.80–1.54)	0.530
Sex equality
10. Equal amount of income to that of the husband
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.5 (1.1–2.3)*	0.022	1.3 (0.8–2.04)	0.307
11. Equal in decision-making
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.2 (0.9–1.55)	0.253	1.2 (0.86–1.74)	0.255
12. Equal roles in ANC care
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.5 (1.2–2.0)**	0.002	1.1 (0.74–1.53)	0.727
13. Couple communication on ANC
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.8 (1.3–2.6)***	0.000	1.1 (0.70–1.69)	0.704
13. Experiencing domestic violence
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	0.6 (0.4–0.9)**	0.005	0.8 (0.50–1.22)	0.280
14. Accompanied to ANC
Sometime	Ref		Ref
Every time	1.5 (1.1–2.1)*	0.012	1 (0.65–1.48)	0.912
15. Financial support during pregnancy
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.4 (1.1–1.8)*	0.013	2.2 (1.54–3.07)***	0.000

Notes:

* Represents statistically significant at P<0.05;

** represents statistically significant at P<0.01;

*** represents statistically significant at P<0.001.

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; ANC4+, four or more antenatal care visits; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CHC, commune health center.