Utilization of maternal health care services in post-conflict Nepal

Figures & data

Figure 1 Maternal health care service utilization status in Nepal in percentage with comparisons between the years 2006 and 2011 region-wise.

Abbreviations: ECWD, Eastern-Central-Western Development; FMWD, Far-Mid-Western Development.

Table 1 Utilization of maternal health care services in Nepal with reference to selected predictors (figures in %)

Predictors	2006						2011
	At least one ANC (n=4,182)		Delivery assisted by SBA (n=5,783)		At least one PNC (n=4,930)		At least one ANC (n=4,079)		Delivery assisted by SBA (n=5,306)		At least PNC (n=4,079)
	%	P-value	%	P-value	%	P-value	%	P-value	%	P-value	%	P-value
Development regions		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
East	77.5		17.9		12.9		86.7		38.2		42.3
Central	74.1		23.2		30.7		83.3		39.4		44.6
West	69.9		23.1		17.0		88.3		45.5		51.8
Mid-west	63.3		13.8		9.0		79.8		31.2		40.1
Far-west	70.2		12.4		7.4		88.3		31.8		42.6
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8
Ecological zones		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Mountain	60.8		9.7		5.3		79.0		20.6		28.0
Hill	67.3		19.6		6.1		81.6		32.3		40.0
Terai	79.9		20.2		27.9		91		48.8		54.6
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8
Residences		<0.001		<0.001				<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Urban	85.5		40.7		13.8		93.1		67.7		68
Rural	68.1		11.9		16.3		82.7		28.7		37
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8
Education of respondent		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Illiterate	61.2		8.0		15.2		74.4		18.7		25.4
Primary	80.5		18.1		12.4		87.3		34.3		41.7
Secondary	92.5		43.5		19.3		95.5		58.8		62.0
≥ SLC	100		82.5		43.5		99.6		86.0		87.5
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8
Wealth quintile		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Lowest	50.2		4.3		6.2		69.3		12.7		19.4
Second	68.9		10.5		18.4		83.2		24.4		32.2
Middle	76.3		12.5		21.8		91.5		38.4		46.7
Fourth	84.9		23.7		22.3		94.4		57.1		60.7
Highest	93.5		58.4		20.4		97.4		82.4		80.3
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8
Age of respondent		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
<20 years	82.9		27.9		14.1		92.8		51.1		52.6
20–34 years	75.2		19.2		17		87.4		38.4		45.8
≥35 years	49.8		9.1		10.2		65.1		17.5		25.8
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8
Birth order		<0.001		<0.001		<0.01		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
1st	84.3		33.3		17.8		94.6		55.4		61.7
2nd or 3rd	75.6		15.8		16.1		87.9		33.7		43.4
4th or 5th	64.2		7.1		16.0		75.1		18.6		25.1
6th or above	45.2		6.0		10.7		52.7		10.0		15.8
Total	72.2		18.4		15.9		85.0		36.8		43.8

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; SBA, skilled birth attendants; PNC, postnatal care; SLC, school leaving certificate.

Table 2 Association of period (2006 and 2011), development regions, ecological zones, place of residence, and socioeconomic strata with utilization of maternal health care services in Nepal

Models	At least one antenatal care visit			Skilled care at birth			At least one postnatal care visit
	OR	95% CI for OR		OR	95% CI for OR		OR	95% CI for OR
		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Period*	2.2	2.0	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.8	4.1	3.7	4.6
Period adjusted for the development regions, ecological zones, and residences**	2.4	2.2	2.7	3.3	3.0	3.6	4.9	4.4	5.4
Period adjusted for the development regions, ecological zones, places of residence, education, wealth, age of women and birth order***	2.3	2.0	2.6	3.2	2.9	3.6	3.9	3.5	4.4

Notes:

* Model I: period and utilization of maternal health care services;

** Model II: period, development regions, ecological zones, residences, and utilization of maternal health care services;

*** Model III: period, development regions, ecological zones, residences, education, wealth, age of women, birth order, and utilization of maternal health care services.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.