Northern European viticulture compared to Central European high altitude viticulture: annual growth cycle of grapevines in the years 2012–2013

Figures & data

Table 1 Research locations and grape varieties

Community	Country	Location	Above sea level (m)	Distance to Unterstalten (km)	Grape varieties
Unterstalten	Switzerland	46° 15′38″N, 07°54′04″E	1,150	0	Heida, Sylvaner, Muscat, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Chasselas
Ålsgårde	Denmark	56°04′36″N, 12°32′13″E	32	1,100	Madelaine Angevine, Solaris, Ortega, Kerner
Tuusula	Finland	60°24′10″N, 25°01′45″E	63	1,540	Solaris, Zilga, Nordica

Figure 1 Research locations: 1) Tuusula, 2) Ålsgårde, and 3) Unterstalten.

Table 2 Vineyard soil temperatures at a depth of 20 cm over 2012–2013

Period	n	^aTuus	^bUnter	^aTuus/^bUnter		^cÅlsg	^aTuus/^cÅlsg		^cÅlsg/^bUnter
		°C	°C	t	P-value	°C	t	P-value	t	P-value
June 1–August 31	519	15.6±1.2	17.3±2.2	15.46	<0.001	17.9±1.4	30.95	<0.001	4.98	<0.001
April 15–October 15	1,038	12.4±4.3	15.2±3.3	16.63	<0.001	15.4±3.3	17.84	<0.001	1.38	>0.05
October 20±0ctober 20	2,047	7.1±6.3	9.5±6.1	12.40	<0.001	9.3±7.1	10.78	<0.001	0.70	>0.05

Notes: ^aTuusula; ^bUnterstalten; ^cÅlsgårde.

Table 3 Vineyard soil temperatures at a depth of 40 cm over 2012–2013

Period	n	^aTuus	^bUnter	^aTuus/^bUnter		^cÅlsg	^aTuus/Ålsg		^cÅlsg/^bUnter
		°C	°C	t	P-value	°C	t	P-value	t	P-value
June 1–August 31	519	14.9±1.0	17.0±2.2	18.85	<0.001	l7.4±1.1	39.88	<0.00l	3.69	<0.00l
April 15–October 15	1,038	11.9±4.2	14.8±3.3	18.11	<0.001	14.9±3.2	18.32	<0.001	0.71	>0.05
October 20–0ctober 20	2,047	7.1±5.9	9.7±6.1	14.60	<0.001	9.3±6.7	10.14	<0.001	2.50	<0.05

Notes: ^aTuusula; ^bUnterstalten; ^cÅlsgårde.

Figure 2 Monthly maximum differences in lengths of day between Unter (Unterstalten) and Tuusula, and Ålsgårde and Tuusula (hour: minute).

Table 4 Local air temperatures in Tuusula, Unterstalten and Ålsgårde

Period	n	^aTuus	^bUnter	^aTuus/^bUnter		^cÅlsg	^aTuus/^cÅlsg		^cÅlsg/^bUnter
		°C	°C	t	P-value	°C	t	P-value	t	P-value
June 1–August 31	91	17.3±2.5	15.5±2.7	4.67	<0.001	16.8±2.3	1.40	>0.05	3.50	<0.001
April 15–October 15	181	13.8±5.2	13.1 ±4.2	1.41	>0.05	14.4±3.7	1.27	>0.05	3.12	<0.001
October 20–0ctober 20	365	5.0±10.5	6.8±7.9	1.16	>0.05	8.0±7.7	4.40	<0.001	2.15	<0.05

Notes: ^aTuusula; ^bUnterstalten; ^cÅlsgårde.

Figure 3 Average monthly air temperatures of the growing season in Unter (Unterstalten), Ålsgårde, and Tuusula.

Abbreviation: Sept, September.

Figure 4 Average monthly air temperatures over 2012–2013 in Ålsgårde, Unter (Unterstalten), and Tuusula, and mean value of the 6 months.

Abbreviations: Nov, November; Dec, December; Jan, January; Feb, February.

Figure 5 Average depths (±SD) of snow layer of 4 winter months in Unter (Unterstalten), Tuusula, and Ålsgårde in 2013.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.