Sustainable winegrowing: current perspectives

Figures & data

Table 1 Implementing sustainability: main tools and programs

Voluntary standards	Organic Biodynamic Fair trade
Management systems	ISO 14000 family, provides practical tools for companies and organizations looking to identify and control their environmental impact and constantly improve their environmental performance ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 focus on environmental management systems The other standards, eg, ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 14046, and ISO 14067, focus on aspects such as life cycle analysis, communication, and auditing OHSAS 18001 (Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series) is intended to help an organization to control occupational health and safety risks SA8000 (Social Accountability International) sets out the requirements to be met by organizations, including the establishment or improvement of workers’ rights, workplace conditions, and an effective management system
Guidelines	ISO 26000 provides guidance on how businesses and organizations can operate in a socially responsible way. This means acting in an ethical and transparent way that contributes to the health and welfare of society
National programs	Integrity and Sustainability Certified (South Africa) California Sustainable Winegrowing Sustainable Winegrowing (New Zealand) Entwine Australia Certified Sustainable Wine of Chile
Programs in local areas or by groups of winegrowers	Wine Industry Ethical Trade Association (South Africa) FairChoice (Germany) Vignerons en Développement Durable (France) VIVA Sustainable Wine (Italy)

Abbreviation: ISO, International Standard Organization.

Table 2 Main impact categories of life cycle assessment

ADP	Abiotic depletion potential
AETP	Aquatic ecotoxicity potential
AP	Freshwater acidification potential
CED	Cumulative energy demand
EP	Eutrophication potential
GWP	Global warming potential
HTP	Human toxicity potential
ODP	Ozone depletion potential
POCP	Photochemical ozone creation potential
POP	Photo-oxidant formation potential
TETP	Terrestrial ecotoxicity potential
WD	Water demand

Figure 1 Area of organic vines in hectares, 2012.

Figure 2 Organic share of total vine area (%) 2012.*

Note: *Share for Moldova is not available.