Medication-Related Needs and Humanistic Impact of Patient-Centered Pharmaceutical Care at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-West Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Clinical Data of Study Participants at UoGSRH

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentages (%)
Sex	Female	174	41.0
	Male	250	59.0
Marital status	Single	83	19.6
	Married	278	65.6
	Divorced	25	5.9
	Widowed	38	9.0
Educational level	Not at all	170	40.1
	Primary school	86	20.3
	Secondary school	42	9.9
	Tertiary school	126	29.7
Number of medications	Only one medication	167	39.4
	Two or more medications	257	60.6
Diagnoses	Diabetes mellitus	102	24.1
	Psychotic disorders*	97	22.9
	Hypertension	72	17.0
	Others#	153	35.3

Notes: *Depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, bipolar disorder. #HF, thyroid disorder, asthma, rheumatoid, DVT, hepatitis, Parkinson's, epilepsy.

Abbreviation: UoGSRH, University of Gondar Specialized referral hospital.

Table 2 Response of Participants to Patient-Reported Outcomes Measure of Pharmaceutical Therapy for Quality-of-Life (PROMPT-QoL) Questionnaire at UoGSRH

Domains	Questions	Participants Opinions, Feelings, or Experiences
		Received Nothing (%)	Received Little Bit (%)	Received Moderately (%)	Received Much (%)	Received Very Much (%)
Medicine and disease information obtained from doctors, pharmacists, or nurses	Have you been explained about indications for treating your diseases or relieving the symptoms?	4.2	5	8.5	42.2	40.1
	Have you been explained about how to use the medicines, ie, individual doses, frequency, before or after food, and treatment course, including storage?	3.3	1.9	13.7	44.1	37
	Have you been explained about what to do if you missed medicine doses?	64.6	18.2	9	5.2	3.1
	Have you been explained about side-effects or abnormal conditions possibly caused by your medicines, including how to resolve them?	54.7	16.3	18.9	8.3	1.9
	Have you been explained about symptoms, severity, and treatment of the disease?	18.2	18.4	31.6	27.1	4.7
Satisfaction with the effects of medicine use		Dissatisfied (%)	Satisfied little bit (%)	Satisfied moderately (%)	Satisfied much (%)	Satisfied very much (%)
	Are you satisfied with the effects of the medicine use on alleviating the symptoms?	3.1	4.5	20	62.3	10.1
	Are you satisfied with the effects of the medicine use on curing the disease?	3.5	4.5	20.8	62.3	9
Impact of medicine use and their side-effects		Affected very much (%)	Affected much (%)	Affected moderately (%)	Affected little bit (%)	Unaffected (%)
	Are you being affected by the medicine use or side-effects on working, study, household chores, hobbies, or socializing with friends or relatives?	48.3	17.9	18.2	13.2	2.4
Psychological impacts of medicine use		very much (%)	Much (%)	Moderately (%)	little bit (%)	Not at all (%)
	Do you feel worried or afraid of adverse medicine effects, eg, allergies or damages to the liver, kidneys, or other organs?	40.1	19.8	21.5	16.5	2.1
	Do you feel bored or uncomfortable for using your medicines regularly and strictly every day?	61.8	14.2	9	13.9	1.2
	Do you feel worried or afraid of using your medicines for a long time or for life?	59.4	12.7	8	17.5	2.4
	Do you feel worried or afraid of Medicines interacting with each other (An interaction of medicines results in more or less effects)?	75.2	12.3	8	3.5	0.9
Convenience of medicine use		Inconvenient (%)	Convenient little bit (%)	Convenient moderately (%)	Convenient much (%)	Convenient very much (%)
	Do your medicines have ease of use (Examples: the need for taking 30 minutes before meal, different doses, difficult usage, or not in line with your daily life)?	9.7	6.6	19.8	55.4	8.5
Availability and accessibility		Faced it very much (%)	Faced it much (%)	Faced it moderately (%)	Faced it little bit (%)	Never faced it (%)
	Do you face the problem about medicine expenses, ie, medicine costs and travel fares, to treat your disease?	10.4	4.2	7.3	40.3	37.7
Therapeutic relationships with doctors, pharmacists, or nurses		Not at all (%)	Little (%)	Moderate (%)	Much (%)	Very much (%)
	Do you think the doctor, pharmacist, or nurses have friendly manners and give you an opportunity to ask questions about your medicines?	2.6	5	15.6	65.8	11.1
Overall quality of life for medicine use		Not improved (%)	Improved little bit (%)	Improved moderately (%)	Improved much (%)	Improved very much (%)
	Overall, how do your medicines improve your life?	1.9	4	25	60.8	8.3

Notes: Reprinted by permission from International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy: Springer Nature; Sakthong P, Sonsa-ardjit N, Sukarnjanaset P, Munpan W, Sangthonganotai T. Development and psychometrics of a short-form pharmaceutical care-specific measure for quality of life. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(3):642–649. doi:10.1007/s11096-018-0638-4, Copyright (2018).¹¹

Figure 1 Participants overall quality-of-life for each domain of the PROMPT questionnaire.

Table 3 Independent Sample t-test, Comparison of Domains of PROMPT-QoL Scores in Terms of Sex, Age, and Number of Medications

	Characteristics	Category	N	Mean	t	Sig (2 Tailed)
Information domain	Sex	Female	250	45.3800	−3.028	0.003*
		Male	174	50.6322
	Age	Young	300	47.4333	−0.184	0.854
		Older	124	47.7823
	Number of medications	1	167	46.9162	−0.579	0.563
		≥2	257	47.9377
Satisfaction domain	Sex	Female	250	67.6000	0.036	0.971
		Male	174	67.5287
	Age	Young	300	68.9167	2.169	0.031*
		Older	124	64.3145
	Number of medications	1	167	70.4341	2.395	0.017*
		≥2	257	65.7101
Impact domain	Sex	female	250	25.3000	−0.437	0.662
		Male	174	26.5805
	Age	Young	300	25.0833	−0.801	0.424
		Older	124	27.6210
	Number of medications	1	167	26.3473	0.292	0.771
		≥2	257	25.4864
Psychological impacts domain	Sex	Female	250	19.6500	−1.490	0.137
		Male	174	22.4138
	Age	Young	300	21.0833	0.509	0.611
		Older	124	20.0605
	Number of medications	1	167	18.0015	−2.470	0.014*
		≥2	257	22.5924
Convenience of medicine use domain	Sex	Female	250	61.1000	−0.478	0.633
		Male	174	62.3563
	Age	Young	300	59.5833	−2.460	0.014*
		Older	124	66.5323
	Number of medications	1	167	60.1796	−0.895	0.371
		≥2	257	62.5486
Availability and accessibility domain	Sex	Female	250	71.4000	−1.032	0.303
		Male	174	74.5690
	Age	Young	300	73.0000	0.308	0.758
		Older	124	71.9758
	Number of medications	1	167	70.9581	−0.929	0.353
		≥2	257	73.8327
Therapeutic relationship domain	Sex	Female	250	69.2000	−0.315	0.753
		Male	174	69.8276
	Age	Young	300	68.5000	−1.523	0.128
		Older	124	71.7742
	Number of medications	1	167	67.6647	−1.478	0.146
		≥2	257	70.6226
Overall quality-of-life domain	Sex	Female	250	67.5000	0.138	0.890
		Male	174	67.2414
	Age	Young	300	68.4167	1.737	0.083
		Older	124	64.9194
	Number of medications	1	167	70.0599	2.354	0.019*
		≥2	257	65.6615

Note: *Statistically significant.

Table 4 One-Way ANOVA for Comparison of Domains of PROMPT-QoL Scores in Terms of Level of Education, Marital Status, and Diagnosis of Participants

Domain	Characteristics	Category	N	Mean	F	Sig (2 Tailed)
Information domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	41.8824	13.580	0.000*
		Primary school	86	47.9651		0.016*
		Secondary school	42	48.3333		0.104
		Tertiary education	126	54.6032
	Marital status	Single	83	47.8313	0.130	0.967
		Married	268	47.5187		0.976
		Separated	10	50.5000		0.891
		Divorced	25	47.6000		0.993
		Widowed	38	46.1842
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	45.5435	10.259	0.110
		Hypertension	72	46.2500		0.054
		Diabetes mellitus	102	57.3039		0.000*
		Thyroid disorder	55	49.4545		0.009*
		Psychiatric disorder	97	41.0309		0.543
		Epilepsy	31	45.9677		0.123
		Other	21	36.1905
Satisfaction domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	65.2206	3.120	0.014*
		Primary school	86	67.5872		0.306
		Secondary school	42	64.2857		0.089
		Tertiary education	126	71.8254
	Marital status	Single	83	64.9096	2.096	0.726
		Married	268	69.0765		0.072
		Separated	10	75.0000		0.154
		Divorced	25	67.0000		0.599
		Widowed	38	61.1842
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	58.9674	4.939	1.000
		Hypertension	72	63.0208		0.881
		Diabetes mellitus	102	72.9167		0.017*
		Thyroid disorder	55	73.1818		0.024*
		Psychiatric disorder	97	68.6856		0.156
		Epilepsy	31	65.3226		0.652
		Other	21	59.5238
Impact domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	25.7353	5.222	0.196
		Primary school	86	35.7558		0.000*
		Secondary school	42	24.4048		0.704
		Tertiary education	126	19.6429
	Marital status	Single	83	32.8313	2.225	0.378
		Married	268	23.4142		0.999
		Separated	10	40.0000		0.364
		Divorced	25	25.0000		1.000
		Widowed	38	24.3421
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	26.6304	3.091	0.483
		Hypertension	72	14.9306		0.999
		Diabetes mellitus	102	30.6373		0.146
		Thyroid disorder	55	33.1818		0.093
		Psychiatric disorder	97	26.8041		0.390
		Epilepsy	31	24.1935		0.759
		Other	21	16.6667
Psychological impacts domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	15.2206	16.310	0.000*
		Primary school	86	18.3866		0.000*
		Secondary school	42	21.7262		0.038*
		Tertiary education	126	29.6131
	Marital status	Single	83	18.2229	1.062	0.999
		Married	268	21.9916		0.455
		Separated	10	17.5000		1.000
		Divorced	25	22.5000		0.688
		Widowed	38	17.5987
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	21.3315	0.972	0.993
		Hypertension	72	21.6146		0.996
		Diabetes mellitus	102	22.3652		1.000
		Thyroid disorder	55	21.3636		0.993
		Psychiatric disorder	97	19.5876		0.835
		Epilepsy	31	13.9113		0.233
		Other	21	23.2143
Convenience of medicine use domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	61.3235	0.615	0.906
		Primary school	86	58.7209		0.525
		Secondary school	42	64.2857		0.990
		Tertiary education	126	63.0952
	Marital status	Single	83	58.1325	1.310	0.721
		Married	268	63.1530		1.000
		Separated	10	65.0000		0.999
		Divorced	25	53.0000		0.370
		Widowed	38	63.1579
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	53.8043	1.532	0.823
		Hypertension	72	65.9722		0.708
		Diabetes mellitus	102	59.3137		1.000
		Thyroid disorder	55	65.0000		0.832
		Psychiatric disorder	97	64.1753		0.879
		Epilepsy	31	58.0645		1.000
		Other	21	59.5238
Availability and accessibility domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	75.5882	2.624	0.999
		Primary school	86	65.4070		0.066
		Secondary school	42	68.4524		0.491
		Tertiary education	126	75.1984
	Marital status	Single	83	64.4578	2.585	0.017*
		Married	268	73.4142		0.346
		Separated	10	82.5000		1.000
		Divorced	25	75.0000		0.811
		Widowed	38	81.5789
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	71.7391	1.283	0.991
		Hypertension	72	64.9306		0.474
		Diabetes mellitus	102	74.7549		1.000
		Thyroid disorder	55	78.1818		0.991
		Psychiatric disorder	97	74.4845		1.000
		Epilepsy	31	68.5484		0.876
		Other	21	75.0000
Therapeutic relationship domain	Level of education	Not at all	170	67.2059	1.955	0.134
		Primary school	86	71.8023		1.000
		Secondary school	42	66.6667		0.355
		Tertiary education	126	71.8254
	Marital status	Single	83	71.0843	0.805	0.999
		Married	268	68.1903		0.692
		Separated	10	75.0000		0.970
		Divorced	25	72.0000		1.000
		Widowed	38	71.7105
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	69.5652	1.265	0.268
		Hypertension	72	70.8333		0.136
		Diabetes mellitus	102	72.3039		0.058
		Thyroid disorder	55	70.0000		0.213
		Psychiatric disorder	97	67.2680		0.444
		Epilepsy	31	68.5484		0.429
		Other	21	60.7143
Overall quality-of-life domain “	Level of education	Not at all	170	63.2353	5.624	0.000*
		Primary school	86	68.8953		0.505
		Secondary school	42	67.2619		0.357
		Tertiary education	126	72.0238
	Marital status	Single	83	65.9639	1.989	0.613
		Married	268	68.4701		0.131
		Separated	10	77.5000		0.064
		Divorced	25	65.0000		0.905
		Widowed	38	61.8421
	Diagnosis	Heart failure	46	59.7826	3.582	1.000
		Hypertension	72	65.2778		0.700
		Diabetes mellitus	102	71.3235		0.061
		Thyroid disorder	55	73.1818		0.034*
		Psychiatric disorder	97	67.0103		0.409
		Epilepsy	31	66.1290		0.670
		Other	21	60.7143

Note: *Statistically significant.

Sakthong P, Sonsa-ardjit N, Sukarnjanaset P, Munpan W, Sangthonganotai T. Development and psychometrics of a short-form pharmaceutical care-specific measure for quality of life. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(3):642–649. doi:10.1007/s11096-018-0638-429744792

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