Emerging treatments in management of prostate cancer: biomarker validation and endpoints for immunotherapy clinical trial design

Figures & data

Table 1 Milieux for immunologic interrogation

Neoadjuvant (early)	Metastatic (late)
• Direct interrogation of tissue and stroma • Impact on local disease to p0 or to MRV (<10% residual dz) • Questionable impact on systemic progression unless validated in high risk population • Hard to design trials due to long natural history	• High tumor burden • Biology of disease different at met sites: bone vs LN vs visceral mets • Not every site of known disease is active • Immune cells can be crowded out by increase tumor cells in LN/bone

Abbreviations: vs, versus; LN, lymph node; MRV, mean residual viable tumor cells.