Severe bronchial asthma in children: a review of novel biomarkers used as predictors of the disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Phenotypes of uncontrolled severe asthma

	Examples
Clinical phenotypes	• Asthma with frequent severe exacerbations • Asthma with fixed airflow obstruction • Corticosteroid-dependent asthma
Inflammatory phenotypes	• Persistent severe eosinophilic asthma • Noneosinophilic severe asthma with increased neutrophils • Severe paucigranulocytic asthma

Note: Adapted with permission from Campo P, Rodríguez F, Sánchez-García S, et al. Phenotypes and endotypes of uncontrolled severe asthma: new treatments. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2013;23:76–88.¹⁸

Table 2 Novel biomarkers for diagnostic purposes in severe asthmaa

	Examples of novel biomarkers	Potential samples
Tissue-associated biomarkers	Neutrophil count	Sputum
	TLR2b	Sputum
	TLR4b	Sputum
	IL8RB (CXCR2)b	Sputum
	Eosinophil count	Sputum, blood
	Galectin 3c	Sputum
	Leukotrienesd	Sputum
	CXCL4d	Sputum
	CCL5 (RANTES)d	Sputum
Epithelium-derived biomarkers	Periostin	Sputum, blood, BALF, BB, nasal secretions/cells
	MMPs	Sputum, blood, BALF, BB, nasal secretions/cells
	Fibrinogen	Sputum, blood
Epithelium- and tissue-associated (mixed origin) biomarkers	IL1β	Sputum, blood, BALF, BB
	Osteopontin	Sputum, blood, BALF, BB
	VEGF	Sputum, blood, BALF, BB
	YKL40	Sputum, blood, BALF, BB
Exhaled breath condensate	Eotaxin 1 (CCL11)	Exhaled breath
	LTB4
	LXA4
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide	Nitric oxide	Exhaled breath

Notes:

a From easily accessible body fluids;

b surface markers of neutrophils;

c eosinophil-surface marker;

d platelet-derived mediators.

Abbreviations: LT, leukotriene; LX, lipoxin; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BB, bronchial biopsy.

CampoPRodríguezFSánchez-GarcíaSPhenotypes and endotypes of uncontrolled severe asthma: new treatmentsJ Investig Allergol Clin Immunol2013237688

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