Asthma Treatment Outcome and Factors Associated with Uncontrolled Asthma Among Adult Patients with Asthma in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asthma at Ambulatory Care in Two Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Characteristics	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Gender
Male	80	34.8
Female	150	65.2
Age category (in years)
18–34	24	10.4
35–64	138	60.0
≥65	68	29.6
Marital status
Single	24	10.4
Married	130	56.5
Divorced	25	10.9
Widowed	51	22.2
Residence
Addis Ababa	193	83.6
Out of Addis Ababa	37	16.1
Education
No formal education^a	84	36.5
Primary education	68	29.6
Secondary education and above	78	33.9
Occupation
Employed	153	66.5
Unemployed	77	33.5
Access of care
Free of payment^b	136	59.1
Out-of-pocket	94	40.9
Use of biomass fuel
No	139	60.4
Yes	91	39.6
Smoking status
Never-smoker	197	85.7
Current-smoker	6	2.6
Ex-smoker	27	11.7
Duration of asthma (in years)
<12	148	64.3
≥12	82	35.7
Severity of asthma
Mild intermittent	50	21.7
Mild persistent	49	21.3
Moderate persistent	92	40.0
Severe persistent	39	17.0
Exacerbations in last 12 months
Yes	109	47.4
Comorbidities
Yes	81	35.2

Notes: ^aInclude illiterates and able to read and write due to informal education like religious teaching. ^bInclude insurance and institutional linkage.

Table 2 Trigger Factors for Asthma Exacerbations in Patients with Asthma at Ambulatory Care in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Characteristics	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Number of triggering factor
No	35	15.2
One trigger	128	55.7
Two or more triggers	67	29.1
Type of triggering factors^a
Cold weather	106	46.1
Bad or strong smell	95	41.3
Dust	61	26.5
Smoke	32	13.9
Others (fumes, pollen and irritants)	14	6.1

Note: ^aMore than one triggering factor is possible.

Table 3 Anti-Asthmatic Medication Pattern and Concurrent Medication Used by Patients with Asthma at Ambulatory Care in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Variables	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Types of anti-asthmatic medications
Salbutamol puff use
Salbutamol puff PRN^a	54	23.5
Salbutamol puff PRN^a + Beclomethasone puff BID^b	100	43.5
Salbutamol puff PRN^a + Prednisolone	21	9.1
Salbutamol puff PRN^a + Beclomethasone puff BID^b+ Prednisolone	55	23.9
Concurrent medication^c
Yes	81	35.2

Notes: ^aAs needed; ^bTwo times/day; ^cMetformin, aspirin, hydrochlorothiazide, and insulin; +: plus.

Table 4 Asthma Treatment Outcome Among Patients with Asthma at Ambulatory Care in Two Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Variables	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Asthma treatment outcome
Well controlled	52	22.6
Partially controlled	62	27.0
Uncontrolled	116	50.4

Table 5 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis Result of Factors Associated with Uncontrolled Asthma Among Patients with Asthma at Ambulatory Care in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Uncontrolled Asthma
Characteristics	Yes; n (%)	No; n (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Gender
Male	32 (13.9)	48 (20.9)	1.00	1.00
Female	84 (36.5)	66 (28.7)	1.91 (1.36–2.46)*	1.73 (0.76–1.26)
Cold weather
No	51 (22.2)	73 (31.7)	1.00	1.00
Yes	65 (28.3)	41 (17.8)	2.26 (1.75–2.77)*	2.11 (1.51–2.42)*
Number of triggers
No	12 (5.2)	23 (10)	1.00	1.00
One	69 (30)	59 (25.7)	2.24 (1.48–3.00)*	2.05 (0.98–1.75)
Two or more	35 (15.2)	32 (13.9)	2.09 (1.26–2.92)	1.88 (1.09–2.01)*
Exacerbations in last 12 months
No	50 (21.7)	71 (30.9)	1.00	1.00
Yes	66 (28.7)	43 (18.7)	2.18 (1.67–2.69)*	2.01 (1.39–2.32)*
Comorbidity
No	78 (33.9)	71 (30.9)	1.00	1.00
Yes	38 (16.5)	43 (18.7)	0.80 (0.63–0.94)	0.65 (0.58–1.31)
Duration of asthma
<12 years	73 (31.7)	75 (32.6)	1.00	1.00
>12 years	43 (18.7)	39 (17.0)	1.13 (0.61–1.65)	1.02 (0.52–1.94)
Severity of asthma
Mild intermittent	14 (6.1)	36 (15.7)	1.00	1.00
Mild persistent	23 (10.0)	26 (11.3)	2.27 (1.44–3.10)*	1.95 (0.93–2.35)
Moderate persistent	56 (24.3)	36 (15.7)	4.00 (2.04–5.96)*	3.47 (1.75–5.13)*
Severe persistent	23 (10.0)	16 (6.9)	3.69 (2.80–4.58)*	2.90 (2.56–3.98)*
Type of anti-asthmatic medications
Sal puff^a	14 (6.1)	40 (17.4)	1.00	1.00
Sal puff^a + Beclo^b	54 (23.5)	46 (20.0)	3.35 (2.62–4.08)*	2.92 (2.50 −3.45)*
Sal puff^a + Pred^c	7 (3.0)	14 (6.1)	1.25 (0.24–2.26)	0.73 (0.58–1.75)
Sal puff^a+ Beclo^b+ Pred^c	41 (17.8)	14 (6.1)	6.40 (5.54–7.26)*	5.76 (4.02–6.02)*

Notes: *Significant association p < 0.05. ^aSalbutamol; ^bBeclomethasone, ^cPrednisolone; +: plus.