Determinants of Asthma Attack Among Adult Asthmatic Patients Attending at Public Hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2021: Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Adult Asthmatic Patients Attending at Public Hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021

Variables	Cases (n = 100)	Controls (n=200)	X^2-test	p-value
	N (%)	N (%)
Gender
Female	65(65%)	123(61.5%)	0.349	0.555
Male	35(35)	77(38.5)
Age in year
21–30	22(22%)	30(15%)	7.696	0.103
31–40	20(20%)	38(19%)
41–50	33(33%)	68(34%)
51–60	14(14%)	51(25.5%)
> 60	11(11%)	13(6.5%)
Religion
Orthodox	43(43%)	84(42%)	2.930	0.403
Protestant	43(43%)	86(43%)
Muslim	9(9%)	26(13%)
Catholic	5(5%)	4(2%)
Ethnicity
Oromo	66(66%)	160(80%)	7.136	0.068
Amhara	19(19%)	22(11%)
Tigre	4(4%)	4(2%)
Gurage	11(11%)	14(7%)
Educational status
No formal education	29(29%)	45(22.5%)	1.570	0.814
Only can read and write	11(11%)	24(12%)
Primary education (1–8)	22(22%)	49(24.5%)
Secondary education (9–12)	5(5%)	12(6%)
College and above	33(33%)	70(35%)
Occupational status
Government employ	20(20%)	59(29.5%)	13.418	0.020*
Farmer	27(27%)	58(29%)
Self- employ	8(8%)	18(9%)
Merchant	18(18%)	43(21.5%)
Jobless	23(23%)	18(9%)
Marital status
Single	14(14%)	7(3.5%)	22.362	0.001*
Married	64(64%)	172(86%)
Divorced	13(13%)	16(8%)
Widowed	9(9%)	5(2.5%)
Place of residence
Urban	58(58%)	108(54%)	0.432	0.511
Rural	42(42%)	92(46%)

Note: *Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.

Abbreviations: N, number; n, sample size.

Table 2 Environmental Related Characteristics of Adult Asthmatic Patients Attending at Public Hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021

Variables		Cases (n=100)	Controls (n=200)	X^2-test	p-value
		N (%)	N (%)
Seasonal fluctuation	Autumn	48(48%)	107(53.5%)	1.313	0.252
	Winter	10(10%)	28(14%)
	Spring	54(54%)	62(31%)
	Summer	30(30%)	98(49)
Exposed to Vapors	Yes	2(2%)	3(1.5%)	0.102	0.750
	No	98(98%)	197(98.5%)
Exposed to Gases	Yes	36(36%)	59(29.5%)	1.302	0.254
	No	64(64%)	141(70.5%)
Exposed to Dust	Yes	95(95%)	180(90%)	2.182	0.140
	No	5(5%)	20(10%)
Exposed to Fumes	Yes	83(83%)	159(79.5%)	0.524	0.469
	No	17(17%)	41(20.5%)
Exposed to Humidity	Yes	85(85%)	159(79.5%)	1.328	0.249
	No	15(15%)	41(20.5%)
Open window while cooking	Yes	42(42%)	87(43.5%)	0.061	0.805
	No	58(58%)	113(56.5%)
Kitchen smoke	Yes	34(34%)	101(50.5%)	7.333	0.007*
	No	66(66%)	99(49.5%)
Cooking material	Coal/Wood	100(100%)	197(98.5%)	1.515	0.218
	Gas	56(56%)	71(35.5%)
	Electric	75(75%)	135(67.5%)

Note: *Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.

Abbreviations: N, number; n, sample size.

Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Determinants of Asthma Attack Among Adult Asthmatic Patients Attending at Public Hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021

Variables		Case (n=100)	Control (n=200)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Occupational status
Government employ		20(20)	59(29.5)	1	1
Farmer		27(27)	58(29)	1.37(0.69, 2.72)	1.52(0.59, 3.91)	0.388
Self-employ		8(8)	18(9)	1.31(0.49, 3.48)	1.28(0.34, 4.88)	0.713
Merchants		18(18)	43(21.5)	1.24(0.58, 2.61)	1.78(0.65, 4.89)	0.266
Jobless		23(23)	18(9)	3.77(1.69, 8.38)	5.68(1.94, 16.68)	0.002*
Smoker	No	89(89)	189(94.5)	1	1
	Yes	11(11)	11(5.5)	2.12(0.89, 5.08)	1.62(0.45, 5.84)	0.460
Passive smoker	No	75(75)	188(94)	1	1
	Yes	25(25)	12(6)	5.22(2.49, 10.93)	5.93(2.07, 16.96)	0.001*
Vigorous activity	No	65(65)	103(51.5)	1	1
	Yes	35(35)	97(48.5)	0.57(0.35, 0.94)	0.66(0.33, 1.32)	0.238
Seasonal fluctuation
Autumn	No	52(52)	93(46.5)	1	1
	Yes	48(48)	107(53.5)	0.8(0.49, 1.29)	0.79(0.40, 1.58)	0.511
Winter	No	90(90)	172(86)	1	1
	Yes	10(10)	28(14)	0.68(0.32, 1.47)	0.43(0.15, 1.27)	0.128
Spring	No	46(46)	138(69)	1	1
	Yes	54(54)	62(31)	2.61(1.59, 4.28)	2.49(1.27, 4.89)	0.008*
Summer	No	70(70)	101(51.5)	1	1
	Yes	30(30)	98(49)	0.45(0.27, 0.74)	0.73(0.36, 1.47)	0.372
Exposed to dust	No	5(5)	20(10)	1	1
	Yes	95(95)	180(90)	2.11(0.77, 5.80)	1.26(0.29, 5.44)	0.758
Kitchen smoke	No	66(66)	99(49.5)	1.98(1.20, 3.26)	2.31(1.16, 4.6)	0.017*
	Yes	34(34)	101(50.5)	1	1
URTI	No	49(49)	178(89)	1	1
	Yes	51(51)	22(11)	8.42(4.66, 15.21)	5.89(2.72, 12.79)	< 0.001*
OSA	No	53(53)	173(86.5)	1	1
	Yes	47(47)	27(13.5)	5.681(3.23, 9.99)	3.48(1.58, 7.66)	0.002*
Missing follow up	No	43(43)	115(57.5)	1	1
	Yes	57(57)	85(42.5)	1.79(1.10, 2.91)	1.1(0.53, 2.27)	0.808
Pet ownership	No	44(44)	154(77)	1	1
	Yes	56(56)	46(23)	4.26(2.55, 7.13)	3.63(1.82, 7.22)	< 0.001*
Rhinitis	No	39(39)	158(79)	1	1
	Yes	61(61)	42(21)	5.88(3.48, 9.96)	4.49(2.25, 8.93)	< 0.001*
Sinusitis	No	70(70)	179(89.5)	1	1
	Yes	30(30)	21(10.5)	3.65(1.96, 6.81)	1.25(0.49, 3.17)	0.641

Note: *Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.

Abbreviations: 1, reference; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.