Pre-Existing Allergies Patients with Higher Viral Load and Longer Recovery Days Infected by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 in Shanghai, China, 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study sample.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with and without Allergy History Before and After PSM Matching

	Before PSM Matching			After PSM Matching
Characteristic	No-Allergy (n=62,293)	Allergy (n=2369)	P	No-Allergy (n=4254)	Allergy (n=2177)	P
Age (mean (SD))	44.92(14.77)	47.55(15.56)	<0.001	46.34(15.23)	46.59(15.33)	0.549
Sex (%)
Female	23,922(38.4)	1294(54.7)	<0.001	2260(53.1)	1166(53.6)	0.762
Male	38,371(61.6)	1073(45.3)		1994(46.9)	1011(46.4)
Vaccine (%)
Unvaccinated	13,881(22.3)	589(24.9)	0.003	970(22.8)	508(23.3)	0.653
Vaccinated	48,412(77.7)	1778(75.1)		3284(77.2)	1669(76.7)
Bvaccine (%)
Unvaccinated	13,881(22.3)	589(24.9)	0.026	970(22.8)	508(23.3)	0.96
Adenovirus-vectored vaccines	1202(1.9)	42(1.8)		71(1.7)	38(1.7)
Inactivated vaccines	46,450(74.6)	1711(72.3)		3171(74.5)	1610(74.0)
Recombinant protein subunit vaccines	760(1.2)	25(1.1)		42(1.0)	21(1.0)
Svaccine (%)
Unvaccinated	13,881(22.3)	589(24.9)	<0.001	970(22.8)	508(23.3)	0.89
Booster vaccination	20,553(33.0)	832(35.1)		1530(36.0)	779(35.8)
Unbooster vaccination	27,859(44.7)	946(40.0)		1754(41.2)	890(40.9)
Chronic diseases (%)
Hypertension	6621(10.6)	499(21.1)	<0.001	765(18.0)	403(18.5)	0.627
Diabetes	2324(3.7)	187(7.9)	<0.001	253(5.9)	141(6.5)	0.434
Cardiovascular	2514(4.0)	264(11.2)	<0.001	304(7.1)	174(8.0)	0.24
Cerebrovascular	468(0.8)	43(1.8)	<0.001	10(0.2)	7(0.3)	0.702
Respiratory	388(0.6)	67(2.8)	<0.001	33(0.8)	24(1.1)	0.237
Kidney	201(0.3)	28(1.2)	<0.001	4(0.1)	6(0.3)	0.157
Other_inflammation	515(0.8)	82(3.5)	<0.001	58(1.4)	35(1.6)	0.505
Oncology	221(0.4)	30(1.3)	<0.001	7(0.2)	5(0.2)	0.789

Table 2 Differences in Days to Negative Conversion and Viral Load Between COVID-19 Patients with and without Allergy History

Outcome	No_Allergy	Allergy	t	P value
Average Omicron variant ORF1ab gene cycle threshold (ct Value)(mean (SD))	32.91 (2.65)	32.50 (2.64)	5.914	<0.001
Average Omicron variant N gene cycle threshold (ct Value)(mean (SD))	30.88 (2.44)	30.53 (2.48)	5.442	<0.001
Minimum Omicron variant ORF1ab gene cycle threshold (ct Value)(mean (SD))	30.85 (4.06)	29.82 (4.39)	9.126	<0.001
Minimum Omicron variant ORF1ab gene cycle threshold (ct Value)(mean (SD))	28.92 (3.83)	27.98 (4.22)	8.763	<0.001
Time of nucleic acid PCR from positive to negative (Days) (mean (SD))	5.17 (2.79)	5.65 (3.15)	−5.978	<0.001

Notes: Results are after 1:2 propensity score matching for baseline variables. The bold value indicated a statistical significance with p < 0.001.

Table 3 Cumulative Negative Conversion Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Between COVID-19 Patients with and without Allergy History

During the Number of Days of Nucleic-Acid Negative Conversion	No Allergy Group	Allergy Group	χ2	P value
	(n=4254) No./Total (%)	(n=2177) No./Total (%)
At Day 5	2663/4254 (62.6)	1215/2177 (55.8)	27.727	P<0.001
At Day 6	3133/4254 (73.6)	1473/2177 (67.7)	25.391	P<0.001
At Day 7	3504/4254 (82.4)	1657/2177 (76.1)	35.558	P<0.001
At Day 8	3765/4254 (88.5)	1797/2177 (82.5)	43.772	P<0.001
At Day 9	3932/4254 (92.4)	1926/2177 (88.5)	27.828	P<0.001
At Day 10	4068/4254 (95.6)	2017/2177 (92.7)	25.074	P<0.001

Note: The bold value indicated a statistical significance with p < 0.001.

Figure 2 Overall survival analysis performed in the allergy group and non-allergy groups. The Kaplan–Meier method is used to analyze the time to the primary endpoint using a Log rank test.

Table 4 Differences in Days to Negative Conversion and Viral Load Between COVID-19 Patients with and without a History of Antibiotic Allergy

Outcome	No_Allergy	Allergy to Antibiotics	t	P value
Average Omicron variant ORF1ab gene cycle threshold (ct Value)	32.93 (2.63)	32.50 (2.67)	5.449	<0.001
Average Omicron variant N gene cycle threshold (ct Value)	30.90 (2.42)	30.52 (2.51)	5.127	<0.001
Minimum Omicron variant ORF1ab gene cycle threshold (ct Value)	30.87 (4.05)	29.84 (4.43)	7.943	<0.001
Minimum Omicron variant ORF1ab gene cycle threshold (ct Value)	28.94 (3.83)	28.00 (4.25)	7.619	<0.001
Time of nucleic acid PCR from positive to negative (Days)	5.17 (2.72)	5.60 (3.05)	−4.827	<0.001

Notes: Results are after 1:2 propensity score matching for baseline variables. The bold value indicated a statistical significance with p < 0.05.

Table 5 Cumulative Negative Conversion Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Between COVID-19 Patients with and without a History of Antibiotic Allergy

During the Number of Days of nUcleic-Acid Negative Conversion	No Allergy Group	Allergy to Antibiotics Group	χ2	P value
	(n=3281) No./Total (%)	(n=1675) No./Total (%)
At Day 5	2054/3281 (62.6)	945/1675 (56.6)	17.752	P<0.001
At Day 6	2406/3281 (73.3)	1133/1675 (67.6)	17.581	P<0.001
At Day 7	2703/3281 (82.4)	1278/1675 (76.3)	25.98	P<0.001
At Day 8	2912/3281 (88.8)	1387/1675 (82.8)	34.11	P<0.001
At Day 9	3040/3281 (92.7)	1485/1675 (88.7)	22.32	P<0.001
At Day 10	3144/3281 (95.8)	1557/1675 (93)	18.71	P<0.001

Note: The bold value indicated a statistical significance with p < 0.001.

Figure 3 Overall survival analysis performed in the antibiotic allergy group and non-allergy group. The Kaplan–Meier method is used to analyze the time to the primary endpoint using a Log rank test.