Common Allergens and Immune Responses Associated with Allergic Rhinitis in China

Figures & data

Table 1 Partial Data for Rhinitis Patients in China

Types of Allergens in AR Patients in China	Proportion of Patients	Symptoms of Onset	References
Dust mites	26.2%	Nasal congestion, rhinorrheas, sneezing	[18,53–56]
Tree pollen (catkins)	29.9%	Nasal congestion, itchy nose, sneezing	[53,54,56]
Summer and autumn weed pollen (Ambrosia, Artemisia),	35.2%	Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itchy nose, sneezing, itchy/red eyes	[44,53,55,56]
Fungi	2.7%	Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itchy nose	[18,44,53,56]
Food (eggs, soybeans, peanuts, milk, seafood, fruits)	3.5%	Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itchy nose	[18,53–56]
Other (formaldehyde and other decoration materials, animal fur, cockroaches)	2.5%	Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, itchy nose, sneezing, itchy/red eyes	[18,53–55,56]

Figure 1 Common allergens and pathogenesis of AR. (A). The main allergens causing AR in northern China (dust mites, summer and autumn pollen, weed pollen, Neurospora crassa, and Blattella germanica). (B). Immune response to allergens. Specific IgE binds to the high-affinity IgE Fc receptor on the surface of mast cells and induces the release of PAF, LTs, histamine, and other inflammatory mediators. Histamine binds its receptor, whereas IL-4, IL-5, TNF, and other cytokines stimulate eosinophils, and Neutrophils stimulate respiratory tract contraction, causing AR.

Figure 2 Allergens trigger the body’s AR immune response process.

Lin H, Lin R, Li N. Sensitization rates for various allergens in children with allergic rhinitis in Qingdao, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(9):10984–10994. doi:10.3390/ijerph120910984

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang X, Guo M, Wang H, Wang X. Pollen allergen sensitization feature of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents in northern China. J Clin Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;34(11):2096–7993. doi:10.13201/j.issn

 Google Scholar

Cheng L, Chen J, Fu Q, et al. Chinese Society of Allergy Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10(4):300–353. doi:10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.300

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li L, Guan K. Quality of life in 164 allergic rhinitis patients caused by different aeroallergens. J Clin Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;29(3):1101–1781. doi:10.13201/j.issn

 Google Scholar

Lou H, Ma S, Zhao Y, et al. Sensitization patterns and minimum screening panels for aeroallergens in self-reported allergic rhinitis in China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9286. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10111-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yang L, Zhang Q, Zhang P. Analysis of HLA-DRB1 allele polymorphism for patients with allergic rhinitis. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol. 1999;34(3):0412–3948.

 Google Scholar