Racial differences in the association of CD14 polymorphisms with serum total IgE levels and allergen skin test reactivity

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Nonatopic (N = 139)	Atopic (N = 136)	P-values χ2 statistics
Male gender, N (%)	42 (30.22%)	64 (47.06%)	0.0041
Female gender, N (%)	97 (69.78%)	72 (52.94%)
Age in years			0.3731
Mean (SD)	25.38 (5.99)	24.72 (5.31)
Median	23.00	23.00
Race			0.7887
African American	71 (51.08%)	62 (45.49%)
Asian	7 (5.04%)	6 (4.41%)
Caucasian	58 (41.73%)	65 (47.79%)
Mixed	3 (2.16%)	3 (2.21%)
Number of positive skin tests			<0.0001
Mean (SD)	0	3.54 (2.64)
Median, range	0	3.0, 1–10
Serum total IgE, IU/mL			0.0292
Number (missing)	138 (1)	134 (2)
Mean (SD)	47.27 (83.5)	230.00 (278.93)	0.0292
Geometric mean (95% CI)	19.93 (16.03–24.77)	110.44 (87.80–138.90)	0.0292
CD14/−159 genotype	N = 119	N = 117	0.38
CC	49 (41.4%)	38 (32.5%)
CT	49 (41.2%)	56 (47.9%)
TT	21 (17.7%)	23 (19.7%)
CD14/+1188 genotype	N = 122	N = 117	0.15
CC	90 (73.8%)	95 (81.2%)
CG	27 (22.1%)	15 (12.8%)
GG	5 (4.1%)	7 (6.0%)
CD14/−159 genotype	N = 122	N = 113	0.47
AA	7 (5.7%)	5 (4.4%)
CA	49 (40.2%)	38 (33.6%)
CC	66 (54.1%)	70 (62.0%)

Abbreviations: IgE, serum immunoglobulin E; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Genotype frequency for CD14/−159, CD14/+1188, CD14/+1341 among African American and Caucasian study population

	African American	Caucasian	P-value
CD14/−159 genotype	N = 22	N = 110	0.0004
CC	58 (47.5%)	31 (28.2%)
CT	53 (43.4%)	50 (45.5%)
TT	11 (9.0%)	29 (26.4%)
CD14/+1188 genotype	N = 121	N = 114	0.13
CC	96 (79.3%)	81 (71.1%)
CG	22 (18.2%)	24 (21.1%)
GG	3 (2.5%)	9 (7.9%)
CD14/+1341 genotype	N = 22	N = 110	0.78
AA	58 (47.5%)	31 (28.2%)
CA	53 (43.4%)	50 (45.5%)
CC	11 (9.0%)	29 (26.4%)

Table 3 Geometric mean (SD) serum total IgE levels (IU/mL) based on CD14/−159 genotypes in atopic subjects

IgE	CD14/−159 genotype			P-value
	CC	CT	TT
N (all subjects)	37	56	23	0.1948
Geometric mean (SD)	82.27 (3.91)	105.89 (3.59)	153.6 (3.33)
N (African American)	24	26	3	0.3473
Geometric mean (SD)	65.93 (3.86)	89.45 (3.09)	180.20 (1.24)
N (Caucasian)	12	28	16	0.7440
Geometric mean (SD)	117.97 (4.02)	111.43 (4.00)	153.37 (3.39)

Abbreviations: IgE, serum immunoglobulin E; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Geometric mean (SD) serum total IgE levels (IU/mL) based on CD14/+1188 genotypes in atopic subjects

IgE	CD14/+1188 genotype			P-value
	CC	CG	GG
N (all subjects)	94	15	7	0.9268
Geometric mean (SD)	102.84 (3.68)	114.98 (4.28)	118.59 (3.95)
N (African American)	42	7	2	0.2271
Geometric mean (SD)	94.96 (3.62)	47.71 (2.96)	30.98 (2.79)
N (Caucasian)	45	8	5	0.1234
Geometric mean (SD)	99.27 (3.65)	248.26 (3.77)	202.86 (3.14)

Abbreviations: IgE, serum immunoglobulin E; SD, standard deviation.

Table 5 Geometric mean (SD) serum total IgE levels (IU/mL) based on CD14/+1341 genotypes in atopic subjects

IgE	CD14/+1341 genotype			P-value
	AA	CA	CC
N (all subjects)	5	38	69	0.1492
Geometric mean (SD)	274.31 (3.16)	83.15 (4.90)	108.13 (3.16)
N (African American)	1	19	30	0.6699
Geometric mean (SD)	69.0 (NA)	66.19 (4.51)	92.43 (3.05)
N (Caucasian)	4	18	34	0.1551
Geometric mean (SD)	387.34 (2.62)	93.09 (5.18)	117.67 (3.12)

Abbreviations: IgE, serum immunoglobulin E; SD, standard deviation.

Table 6 Mean (SD) and median (lower and upper quartiles) based on CD14/−159 genotypes in atopic subjects

Number of positive skin tests	CD14/−159 genotype			P-value
	CC	CT	TT
N* (All subjects)	38	56	23
Mean (SD)	2.89 (2.51)	3.61 (2.73)	4.04 (2.31)
Median	2.0	3.0	3.0	0.0598
Lower quartile, upper quartile	1.0, 3.0	1.5, 5.5	2.0, 6.0
N (African Americans only)	25	26	3
Mean (SD)	2.64 (2.18)	2.96 (2.39)	2.33 (0.58)
Median	2.0	2.0	2.0	0.8896
Lower quartile, upper quartile	1.0, 3.0	1.0, 4.0	2.0, 3.0
N (Caucasians only)	12	28	16
Mean (SD)	3.08 (3.03)	4.21(3.02)	4.81(2.34)
Median	2.0	3.0	5.0	0.1121
Lower quartile, upper quartile	1.0, 4.0	2.0, 7.0	2.5, 6.5

Note:

* Subjects with single nucleotide polymorphism assay results.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 7 Mean (SD) and median (lower and upper quartiles) based on CD14/+1188 genotypes in atopic subjects

Number of positive skin tests	CD14/1188 genotype			P-value
	CC	CG	GG
N* (All subjects)	95	15	7
Mean (SD)	3.16 (2.35)	3.80 (2.81)	6.57 (3.26)
Median	2.0	3.0	8.0	0.0190
Lower quartile, upper quartile	1.0, 4.0	1.0, 6.0	3.0, 10.0
N (African Americans only)	43	7	2
Mean (SD)	2.47 (1.89)	4.43 (3.26)	2.5 (0.71)
Median	2	3	2.5	0.2786
Lower quartile, upper quartile	1.0, 3.0	1.0, 8.0	2.0, 3.0
N (Caucasians only)	45	8	5
Mean (SD)	3.8 (2.65)	3.25 (2.43)	8.2 (2.05)
Median	3.0	2.5	8.0	0.0098
Lower quartile, upper quartile	2.0, 6.0	1.0, 5.5	8.0, 10.0

Note:

* Subjects with single nucleotide polymorphism assay results.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 8 Mean (SD) and median (lower and upper quartiles) based on CD14/+1341 genotypes in atopic subjects

CD14/1341 genotype	CC	CA	AA	P-value
Overall number	70	38	5
Mean (SD)	3.30 (2.36)	3.45 (2.72)	5.20 (3.83)
Median	2.5	3.0	5.0	0.5584
Lower quartile, upper quartile	2.0, 4.0	1.0, 6.0	2.0, 8.0
African American (N)	31	19	1
Mean (SD)	2.42 (1.95)	3.21 (2.30)	2.00 (−)
Median	2.0	3.0	2.0	0.4738
Lower quartile, upper quartile	1.0, 3.0	1.0, 5.0	2.0, 2.0
Caucasian (N)	34	18	4
Mean (SD)	4.21 (2.53)	3.72 (3.21)	6.0 (3.92)
Median	3.5	2.0	6.5	0.3381
Lower quartile, upper quartile	2.0, 6.0	1.0, 6.0	3.0, 9.0

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 9 Characteristics of study subjects in studies of CD14/−159 SNP and association with IgE levels and skin allergen testing

Year	First author	Subject characteristics			T allele frequency %	Atopy definition
		Age (y)	Race/ethnicity	Location
Association of CD14/−159 C allele with allergen sensitization
1999	Baldini et al^Citation19	10–11	White (Hispanics or non-Hispanic)	US, Arizona; non rural area	48.6	Positive skin test: at least one skin test with diameter sums >3 mm
1999	Gao et al^Citation20	Adult	British white, Japanese	Great Britain and Japan; non-rural area	British 52 Japanese 60	Presence of high serum total IgE (>120 IU/mL in British, >400 IU/mL in Japanese) and/or positive specific IgE titer
2001	Koppelman et al^Citation22	34–76	Dutch white	Netherlands; non-rural area	Probands 44 spouse 53.5	Positive skin test: the largest wheal diameter ≥5 mm
2001	Vercelli et al^Citation68	11	Caucasian, Hispanics	US, Tucson; non rural area	48.6	Positive skin test: at least one skin test with diameter sums >3 mm
2003	Buckova et al^Citation23	15–36	Czech	Czechoslovakia	Atopic asthmatic 47, normal 44.2	Specific IgE ≥3.5 IU/mL and/or a positive skin prick test to any of the allergens tested
2003	O’Donnell et al^Citation21	8–25	Australian white	Australia; non rural area	49.5	Positive skin test: mean wheal size ≥3 mm before 1986 and ≥4 mm from 1986 onward; atopic: positive reaction to any tested allergen
2006	Leynaert et al^Citation24	20–44	French	France; urban and farm	49	Specific IgE ≥3.5 IU/mL to any of the allergens tested
2007	Smit et al^Citation26	16–26	Danish whites	Denmark; farm living	Controls 43.8 asthma 42.5	Positive skin prick test to one or more common inhaled allergens
2003	Leung et al^Citation29	5–15	Chinese	China, Hong Kong; non rural area	56	Presence of at least one allergen-specific IgE antibody
2006	Tan et al^Citation28	6–12	Taiwanese	Taiwan; non rural area	Asthma 62.5 controls 57	Positive skin test: the presence of ≥1 reaction; a wheal diameter ≥5 mm
2005	Takeuchi et al^Citation30	20–74	Japanese	Japan; non rural area	55	Specified allergic rhinitis criteria
2008	Kowal et al^Citation27	23–26	Polish	Poland	Asthmatic 55 healthy 47	HDM skin test positive and HDM specified IgE
Association of CD14/−159 C or T allele with allergen sensitization
2005	Eder et al^Citation25	8–10	Austrian, German	Austria and Bavaria (Germany); farm or non-farm living	49	Atopic: specific IgE ≥3.5 IU/mL to any of the allergens tested
2005	Simpson et al^Citation54	0–5	British	Britain	48.5	Allergic sensitization: specific IgE >0.2 kU/L to at least one of seven allergens or skin prick weal diameter ≥negative control
2006	William et al^Citation56	Expectant mothers	African America White, other	US Detroit; non rural area	No race specified 41	NA
2008	Bottema et al^Citation69	Fetus–8	Dutch white	Netherlands	48	Specific IgE ≥0.35 IU/mL against food allergens (milk or egg) at 1 and 2 year and indoor allergens (house dust mite, cat and dog) at 4 and 8 years
No association of CD14/−159T alleles with allergen sensitization
2001	Lis et al^Citation31	13–14	Polish	Poland	Asthmatic 36 non-asthmatic 38	Asthma: wheezing in the last year, serum IgE level >150 kIU/L, positive bronchial challenge test
2003	Sengler et al^Citation32	0–10	German	Germany	Asthmatic 47 atopic 51 healthy 49	Allergic sensitization: specific IgE ≥0.7 kU/L against at least one out of nine food and inhalant allergens
2004	Kabesch et al^Citation33	6–11, 18–67	German	Germany	47–49	Allergic sensitization: wheal reaction ≥3 mm than negative control
2005	Nishimura et al^Citation37	Children	Japanese	Japan; non rural area	51.5	NA
2005	Wang et al^Citation36	1–16	Chinese	Taiwan; non rural area	Not reported	High IgE group: IgE >1000 IU/mL normal IgE group: IgE <200 IU/mL
2003	Zambelli-Weiner^Citation34	Children	African descent	Barbados; rural area	35	Positive skin test an average wheal size ≥3 mm than saline control
2005	Zambelli-Weiner et al^Citation35	11–55	African descent	Barbados; rural area	Asthmatic 29.5, non-asthmatic 34	Positive skin test an average wheal size ≥3 mm than saline control
Association of CD14/−159 T allele with allergen sensitization
2000	Ober et al^Citation38	6–89	Hutterites	US South Dakota; farm living	Not reported	Skin prick test wheal ≥3 mm than negative control
2005	Kedda et al^Citation40	Adult	Australian white	Australia	44–51	Skin prick test wheal >3 mm than to at least one of the five aeroallergens tested
2006	Jackola et al^Citation39	6–75	White	US, St Paul; non rural area	47.3	Positive skin test: wheal area ≥9 mm^2 above the negative control
2008	Lachheb et al^Citation41	5–16	Tunisian (African white Caucasian)	Tunisia	Asthmatic 56.5, controls 68	Skin prick test wheal ≥3 mm and with total IgE ≥200 IU/mL
2009	Our study	18–40	African American, White, other	US, Central North Carolina; non rural area	African American 31, Whites 49	Skin prick test wheal ≥3 mm than negative control

Abbreviations: HDM, house dust mites; IgE, serum immunoglobulin E; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.

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