Distributional Characteristics Analysis of Allergens in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis in Southern Fujian Province, China

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of this study. 645,732 outpatients from January 2016 to December 2019 were enrolled from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University. Among these outpatients, 639,043 cases were excluded according to the exclusion criteria. 6689 outpatients were enrolled and clinical data/Skin Prick Test (SPT) results (eight common allergens) were collected and analysed. Subsequently, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis of distributional characteristics analysis of allergens in these patients were performed to illustrated the distributional characteristics of allergens in AR patients in Southern Fujian Province, China.

Table 1 Positive Rates and Distribution of Various Allergens in Skin Prick Test in Allergic Rhinitis Patients (n=6689)

Allergen Types	Skin Prick Test					Positive Number (%)	Strong Positive Number (%)
	–	+	++	+++	++++
Df	2413	57	272	2311	1636	4276 (63.93%)	3947 (59.01%)
Dpt	2453	53	442	2325	1416	4236 (63.33%)	3741 (55.93%)
Cockroach	5194	41	561	854	39	1495 (22.35%)	893 (13.35%)
Animal dander	6556	30	78	23	2	133 (1.99%)	25 (0.37%)
Weed	6646	8	29	6	0	43 (0.64%)	6 (0.09%)
Mold I	6668	8	11	2	0	21 (0.31%)	2 (0.03%)
Mold II	6674	6	7	2	0	15 (0.22%)	2 (0.03%)
Mango	6684	3	2	0	0	5 (0.07%)	0 (0%)

Notes: Dermatophagoides farinae (Df); Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt); mold I (cross-linking spore fungus, botrytis, polymajor mycospora genus, crescent bending spore, beaded fusarium oxysporum, helminthosporium); mold II (smoke aspergillus, bee mucor, specific penicillium, pullularia, rhizopus, Immortal bacteria).

Table 2 Different Allergen Positive Rates in Patients with Positive Skin Tests

Parameters	Allergen Positive Rate (%)
	Df	Dpt	Cockroach	Animal Dander	Weed	Mold I	Mold II	Mango
Gender
Male	64.08	63.71	22.36	1.81	0.68	0.38	0.23	0.13
Female	63.69	62.77	22.34	2.25	0.59	0.22	0.22	0
Age
≤ 17	68.97	68.53	19.37	1.96	0.36	0.39	0.22	0.08
18~39	63.55	62.70	28.42	2.34	0.93	0.25	0.21	0.04
40~59	42.88	42.30	18.56	0.86	1.01	0.14	0.29	0.14
≥ 60	29.17	29.17	8.33	2.78	1.39	0	0	0
Year
2016	56.17	55.89	23.49	3.61	1.52	1.01	0.62	0.28
2017	64.54	64.43	27.85	1.01	0.10	0.05	0.05	0
2018	63.30	62.35	17.33	0.48	0.82	0.07	0.07	0
2019	73.05	71.77	18.62	2.84	0.14	0.07	0.14	0
Seasons
Spring	60.08	59.08	20.43	2.27	0.67	0.20	0.27	0
Summer	67.05	66.54	22.62	1.91	0.89	0.47	0.30	0.17
Autumn	62.19	61.77	23.05	1.46	0.42	0.14	0.07	0.07
Winter	64.58	64.08	23.24	2.35	0.43	0.36	0.21	0
Family history
AR	73.02	73.81	9.52	1.59	0	0	0	0
None	73.09	71.85	14.32	1.36	0.74	0.37	0	0
Disease onset
≤ 1 year	64.75	62.97	15.84	2.77	0	0	0.19	0
1~5 years	77.17	76.50	18.83	1.87	0	0	0	0.13
5~10 years	77.45	75.49	24.51	2.94	0.98	0	0	0
>10 years	68.49	66.44	14.38	4.11	0	0.68	0	0
Clinical manifestations
Nasal congestion	72.79	71.42	18.02	2.75	0.14	0.07	0.07	0.07
Sneezing	75.17	73.89	18.90	2.55	0.15	0.08	0.08	0.08
Runny nose	73.36	72.08	18.64	2.64	0.15	0.08	0.08	0.08
Nasal itching	73.86	72.71	17.52	2.64	0	0.09	0	0.09
Region
Zhangzhou	62.88	62.54	18.27	1.93	0.34	0.45	0.23	0
Quanzhou	65.54	65.02	21.59	3.12	0.65	0.26	0.39	0.13
Xiamen	63.86	63.21	23.18	1.83	0.69	0.30	0.20	0.08

Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Risk Factors in Patients with Positive Skin Tests

Parameters	Relationship Between Allergen Positive Rate and Various Risk Factors
	Df		Dpt		Cockroach		Animal Dander		Weed		Mold I		Mold II		Mango
	χ2	P	χ2	P	χ2	P	χ2	P	χ2	P	χ2	P	χ2	P	χ2	P
Gender	0.107	0.744	0.608	0.436	0.000	0.983	1.584	0.208	0.201	0.654	1.256	0.262	0.002	0.965	1.93	0.164
Age	210.816	<0.001	210.386	<0.001	82.170	<0.001	6.221	0.101	9.590	0.022	2.188	0.534	0.453	0.929	0.886	0.829
Year	100.239	<0.001	89.256	<0.001	68.909	<0.001	56.126	<0.001	37.144	<0.001	32.563	<0.001	15.031	0.002	13.277	0.004
Seasons	21.698	<0.001	23.932	<0.001	4.329	0.228	3.667	0.300	4.472	0.215	4.100	0.251	2.740	0.433	6.439	0.092
Family history	0.000	1.000	0.208	0.749	2.126	0.164	0.042	0.691	1.741	1.000	0.869	1.000	0.052	1.000	0.052	1.000
Disease onset	27.083	<0.001	30.391	<0.001	8.965	0.030	2.944	0.400	8.266	0.041	4.800	0.187	2.313	0.510	1.524	0.677
Clinical manifestations	2.150	0.542	2.255	0.521	0.968	0.809	0.105	0.991	2.977	0.395	0.022	0.999	1.488	0.685	0.022	0.999
Region	1.293	0.524	1.213	0.545	10.686	0.005	5.761	0.056	1.729	0.421	0.604	0.739	0.929	0.628	1.589	0.452

Notes: (1) The underlined character are indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05). (2) The red characters indicate that Chi-squared test (Likelihood ratio) was used to compare rates between each group (Number of theoretical frequency are more than five (T<5)). (3) The blue characters indicate that Chi-squared test (continuity correction) was used to compare rates between each group. (4) The black characters indicate that Pearson Chi-squared test was used to compare rates between each group (Number of theoretical frequency are more than five (T>5)).

Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Relationships Among Gender, Age, Season, Years and Region in AR Patients

	Gender		Chi-Square test (χ2)	P-value
	Male (59.44%) (Composition Ratio %)	Female (40.56%) (Composition Ratio %)
Age			385.604	<0.001
≤ 17	70.35	29.65
18~39	47.07	52.93
40~59	45.04	54.96
≥ 60	62.50	37.50
Year			9.671	0.022
2016	61.63	38.37
2017	57.79	42.21
2018	60.98	39.02
2019	57.44	42.56
Seasons			23.029	<0.001
Spring	56.94	43.06
Summer	63.27	36.73
Autumn	56.75	43.25
Winter	58.45	41.55
Region			12.217	0.002
Zhangzhou	60.61	39.39
Quanzhou	64.89	35.11
Xiamen	58.40	41.60

Notes: The underlined character are indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05). P < 0.001 represents an extremely low P value.

Table 5 Multivariate Analysis of Relationships Among Region, Age and Season in AR Patients

	Region			Chi-Square Test (χ2)	P-value
	Zhangzhou (%)	Quanzhou (%)	Xiamen (%)
Age				31.360	<0.001
≤ 17	56.75	55.79	52.37
18~39	30.65	30.95	36.63
40~59	11.46	13.13	9.78
≥ 60	1.14	0.13	1.21
Seasons				37.717	<0.001
Spring	23.95	24.97	21.95
Summer	36.55	41.61	33.94
Autumn	19.07	18.47	22.21
Winter	20.43	14.95	21.91

Notes: The underlined character are indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05). P < 0.001 represents an extremely low P value.

Table 6 Multivariate Analysis of Relationships Between Age and Season in AR Patients

	Age (Composition Ratio %)				Chi-Square Test (χ^2)	P-value
	≤ 17	18~39	40~59	≥ 60
Seasons					127.802	<0.001
Spring	20.32	23.53	27.34	40.28
Summer	40.22	30.29	26.62	26.39
Autumn	18.11	25.53	25.04	20.83
Winter	21.36	20.65	21.01	12.50

Notes: The underlined character are indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05). P < 0.001 represents an extremely low P value.

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.