Risk Factors Associated with Asthma Control and Quality of Life in Patients with Mild Asthma Without Preventer Treatment, a Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the data collection and study population.

Table 1 Patient Characteristics Stratified by Sex

	Total	Female	Male	p-value
	n	n (%)	n (%)
Total study group	298	172 (58%)	126 (42%)
Age groups				0.040
<40 years	88 (29%)	60 (35%)	28 (22%)
40–59 years	113 (38%)	57 (33%)	56 (45%)
≥60 years	97 (33%)	55 (32%)	42 (33%)
BMI				0.017
Under/Normal weight	111 (39%)	71 (43%)	40 (33%)
Overweight	108 (38%)	51 (31%)	57 (48%)
Obesity	66 (23%)	43 (26%)	23 (19%)
Education				0.005
High	161 (45%)	104 (61%)	57 (45%)
Low	134 (55%)	65 (39%)	69 (55%)
Daily smoking				0.665
Yes	16 (5%)	10 (6%)	6 (5%)
No	279 (95%)	159 (94%)	120 (95%)
Allergy, pet- and/or pollen				0.586
Yes	227 (76%)	133 (77%)	94 (75%)
No	71 (24%)	39 (23%)	32 (25%)
Rhinitis				0.440
Yes	196 (66%)	110 (64%)	86 (68%)
No	102 (34%)	62 (36%)	40 (32%)
Sinusitis				0.905
Yes	49 (16%)	28 (16%)	21 (17%)
No	248 (84%)	144 (84%)	104 (83%)
Anxiety and/or depression				0.256
Yes	41 (14%)	27 (16%)	14 (11%)
No	257 (86%)	145 (84%)	112 (89%)
Gastroesofageal reflux				0.737
Yes	45 (15%)	27 (16%)	18 (14%)
No	253 (85%)	145 (84%)	108 (86%)
Sleep apnea				0.014
Yes	10 (3%)	2 (1%)	8 (6%)
No	288 (97%)	170 (99%)	118 (94%)
Knowledge of asthma self-management				0.057
Yes	153 (52%)	96 (57%)	57 (46%)
No	141 (48%)	73 (43%)	68 (54%)
Self-assessed asthma severity				0.050
Very mild	130 (44%)	79 (46%)	51 (41%)
Mild	114 (38%)	67 (39%)	47 (37%)
Moderate	49 (16%)	26 (15%)	23 (18%)
Severe	5 (2%)	0	5 (4%)

Table 2 Patient Characteristics Stratified by Level of Asthma Control and Quality of Life

	Asthma Control	Uncontrolled Asthma	p-value	Mini-AQLQ ≥6	Mini-AQLQ <6	p-value
	n (%)	n (%)		n (%)	n (%)
Total study group	212 (74%)	75 (26%)		174 (59%)	119 (41%)
Sex
Female	123 (76%)	39 (24%)	0.366	101 (58%)	68 (57%)	0.878
Male	89 (71%)	36 (29%)		73 (42%)	51 (43%)
Age groups
<40 years	70 (33%)	15 (20%)	< 0.001	58 (33%)	29 (25%)	0.037
40–59 years	88 (42%)	21 (28%)		70 (40%)	42 (35%)
≥60 years	54 (25%)	39 (52%)		46 (27%)	48 (40%)
Education
High	124 (59%)	34 (46%)	0.062	101 (58%)	57 (49%)	0.105
Low	88 (41%)	40 (54%)		72 (42%)	60 (51%)
BMI
Under/normal weight	86 (42%)	19 (27%)	0.033	79 (47%)	29 (26%)	0.002
Overweight	77 (38%)	29 (41%)		57 (34%)	51 (45%)
Obesity	41 (20%)	23 (32%)		33 (19%)	32 (29%)
Daily smoking
Yes	8 (4%)	8 (11%)	0.020	7 (4%)	9 (8%)	0.188
No	204 (96%)	64 (89%)		166 (96%)	109 (92%)
Allergy, pet- and/or pollen
Yes	161 (76%)	58 (77%)	0.808	130 (75%)	93 (78%)	0.498
No	51 (24%)	17 (23%)		44 (25%)	26 (22%)
Rhinitis
Yes	127 (60%)	60 (80%)	0.002	103 (59%)	89 (75%)	0.006
No	85 (40%)	15 (20%)		71 (41%)	30 (25%)
Sinusitis
Yes	30 (14%)	18 (24%)	0.044	21 (12%)	27 (23%)	0.014
No	182 (86%)	56 (76%)		153 (88%)	91 (77%)
Anxiety and/or depression
Yes	22 (10%)	14 (19%)	0.062	18 (10%)	22 (19%)	0.046
No	190 (90%)	61 (81%)		156 (90%)	97 (81%)
Gastroesophagal reflux
Yes	27 (13%)	15 (20%)	0.126	18 (10%)	26 (22%)	0.007
No	185 (87%)	60 (80%)		156 (90%)	93 (78%)
Sleep apnea
Yes	4 (2%)	6 (8%)	0.013	0 (0%)	10 (8%)	<0.001
No	208 (98%)	69 (92%)		174 (174%)	109 (92%)
Knowledge of asthma self-management
Yes	118 (56%)	28 (37%)	0.005	106 (62%)	45 (38%)	< 0.001
No	92 (44%)	47 (63%)		66 (38%)	72 (62%)

Figure 2 Proportions of patients with either uncontrolled asthma/insufficient Mini-AQLQ (20%), controlled asthma/insufficient Mini-AQLQ (20%) or uncontrolled asthma/sufficient Mini-AQLQ (6%).

Table 3 Factors Associated with Uncontrolled Asthma

	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
	Unadjusted		Adjusted
Male sex	1.28 (0.75–2.17)	0.367
Age groups
<40	Ref		Ref
40–59	1.11 (0.54–2.32)	0.774	1.06 (0.47–2.42)	0.944
≥60	3.37 (1.69–6.74)	0.001	4.73 (2.09–10.72)	< 0.001
BMI groups
Under/normal weight	Ref		Ref
Overweight	1.71 (0.89–3.28)	0.111	1.37 (0.66–2.86)	0.400
Obesity	2.54 (1.25–5.18)	0.010	2.72 (1.22–6.03)	0.014
Low education	1.66 (0.97–2.82)	0.063
Daily smoking	3.19 (1.15–8.83)	0.026	4.05 (1.15–14.23)	0.029
Allergy, pet and/or pollen	1.08 (0.58–2.02)	0.808
Rhinitis	2.68 (1.43–5.02)	0.002	2.40 (1.17–4.95)	0.018
Sinusitis	1.95 (1.01–3.76)	0.046	2.12 (0.95–4.74)	0.067
Gastroesophagal reflux	1.71 (0.86–3.43)	0.129
Anxiety/depression	1.98 (0.96–4.11)	0.066
Inadequate knowledge of asthma self-management	2.15 (1.25–3.70)	0.006	2.45 (1.31–4.60)	0.005

Notes: Logistic Regression with Asthma Control as Dependent Variable. Variables with P<0.05 in the Univariate Analysis Were Included in the Multivariate Analysis.

Table 4 Factors Associated with Insufficient Quality of Life

	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
	Unadjusted		Adjusted
Male sex	1.04 (0.65–1.66)	0.878
Age groups
<40	Ref		Ref
40–59	1.20 (0.67–2.16)	0.543	1.07 (0.55–2.08)	0.837
≥60	2.09 (1.14–3.81)	0.017	2.06 (1.02–4.16)	0.044
BMI groups
Under/normal weight	Ref		Ref
Overweight	2.44 (1.38–4.31)	0.002	2.30 (1.24–4.27)	0.008
Obesity	2.64 (1.38–5.04)	0.003	2.78 (1.37–5.65)	0.005
Low education	1.47 (0.92–2.37)	0.106
Daily smoking	1.96 (0.71–5.41)	0.195
Allergy, pet and/or pollen	1.21 (0.70–2.11)	0.498
Rhinitis	2.05 (1.23–3.41)	0.006	2.05 (1.13–3.72)	0.018
Sinusitis	2.16 (1.16–4.05)	0.016	2.13 (1.02–4.44)	0.043
Gastroesophagal reflux	2.42 (1.26–4.66)	0.008	1.61 (0.74–3.46)	0.228
Anxiety/depression	1.96 (1.00–3.85)	0.049	1.69 (0.77–3.69)	0.191
Inadequate knowledge of asthma self-management	2.57 (1.59–4.17)	<0.001	2.48 (1.46–4.22)	0.001

Notes: Logistic Regression with Mini-AQLQ as Dependent Variable. Variables with P<0.050 in the Univariate Analysis Were Included in the Multivariate Analysis.

Figure 3 Predictors of both uncontrolled asthma and insufficient QoL OR (95% CI).