Hormonal and echocardiographic abnormalities in adult patients with sickle-cell anemia in Bahrain

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of SCA patients (n=82) and the control group (n=82)

Variables	SCA (n=82)	Control (n=82)	P-value
Age, years	21.21±5.7	20.72±5.78	0.58
Male	51 (57%)	50 (60%)	0.92
BSA	1.19±0.1	1.53±0.3	<0.001
Body mass index	20.2±1.5	26.42±2.7	<0.001
Hemoglobin, g/dL	7.8±0.9	12.09±1.6	<0.001
Reticulocyte RBCs, %	4.44±0.6	2.54±0.3	<0.001
LDH, 0.1 mmol/L for each 5 g/L	281.9±50.97	167.5±41.6	<0.001
Potassium, mmol/L	3.95±0.4	3.91±0.4	0.86
Sodium, mmol/L	137.49±3.4	135.41±3.4	0.48
eGFR	68.69±9.3	93.96±4.9	<0.001

Notes: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation; P<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BSA, body surface area; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; RBCs, red blood cells; SCA, sickle-cell anemia.

Table 2 Hemodynamic parameters in SCA patients and the control group

Variables	SCA (n=82)	Control (n=82)	P-value
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	144.36±6.7	143.05±11.1	0.93
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	63.6±4.4	74.8±3.9	<0.05
Heart rate, beats per minute	77.85±2.7	68.11±7.2	<0.05

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviation: SCA, sickle-cell anemia.

Table 3 Hormonal and metabolic variables in SCA patients (n=82) and the control group (n=82)

Variables	SCA patients, n=82	Control patients, n=82	P-value
TSH, mU/L	6.4±2.2	2.34±2	<0.001
Free T4, pmol/L	12.7±1.1	18.8±1.5	<0.001
Ferritin, μg/L	391.38±95.6	85.1±9.5	<0.001
Cortisol, nmol/L	234.05±28.7	453.3±32.3	<0.001
Testosterone in males, nmol/L	6.8±2.5	14.74±3.7	<0.001
PTH, pmol/L calcium mmol/L	5.8±0.2	2.7±0.3	<0.001
	2.16±0.1	2.30±0.13	<0.001
Vitamin D3	45.4±5.1	76.9±7.3	<0.001
ALP, U/L	309.53±95.1	125.7±65.2	<0.001
Ferritin, μg/L	537.87±141.1	220.56±48.1	<0.001
Uric acid, nmol/L	490.6±105.3	275.09±79.5	<0.001
Fasting glucose mmol/L	7.5±2.6	6.1±2.1	<0.05

Notes: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation; P<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SCA, sickle-cell anemia; T₄, thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Table 4 Echocardiographic variables of M-mode and pulsed Doppler of LV in SCA patients (n=82) and controls (n=82)

Variables	SCA	Controls	P-value
IVS, cm	1.2±0.06	0.9±0.02	<0.01
PW, cm	1.1±0.03	0.8±0.06	<0.01
LV mass, g	105.4±5.9	83.3±4.8	<0.01
LVEDD, cm	5.31±0.5	5.1±0.4	0.47
LVESD, cm	3.57±0.3	3.7±0.5	0.83
LVEF, %	56.9±3.9	58.4±4.2	0.38
Left atrium area, cm	25.5±6.4	18.6±3.9	<0.01
E:A ratio	1.96±2.9	1.12±1.4	<0.01
E-wave velocity, m/s	96.2±17.3	62.8±16.7	<0.01
A-wave velocity, m/s	34.1±10.6	55.8±8.3	<0.01
DT, ms	156.7±36.1	210.9±29.8	<0.01

Notes: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation; P<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: DT, deceleration time; E, early; A, atrial; IVS, interventricular septum; LVEDD, left ventricle end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricle end-systole dimensions; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; PW, posterior wall; SCA, sickle-cell anemia.