Anemia and Its Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of T2DM Patients at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia, 2019 (n=249)

Variable		Frequency (n=249)	Percentage (%)
Sex	Male	121	48.6
	Female	128	51.4
Age (years)	< 45	58	23.3
	45–60	132	53.0
	>60	59	23.7
Marital Status	Single	31	12.5
	Married	172	69.1
	Divorced	21	8.4
	Widowed	25	10.0
Educational status	No formal education	65	26.1
	Primary school (1–8)	55	22.1
	High school (9–12)	58	23.3
	Higher education	71	28.5
Employment status	Farmer	60	24.1
	Housewife	34	13.6
	Government employee	104	41.8
	At private organization	45	18.1
	Others*	6	2.4
Residence	Urban	172	69.1
	Rural	77	30.9

Note: *Others: Unemployed and students.

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia, 2019 (n=249)

Variables		Frequency (n=249)	Percentage (%)
Duration of DM (years)	<5	102	41.0
	5–10	84	33.7
	>10	63	25.3
BMI (Kg/m^2)	Below 18.5	11	4.4
	18.5–24.9	162	65.1
	25 and above	76	30.5
Central obesity	Yes	45	18.1
	No	204	81.9
Hypertension	Yes	83	33.3
	No	166	66.7
SBP (mmHg)	≥ 130	77	30.9
	< 130	172	69.1
DBP (mmHg)	≥ 80	63	25.3
	< 80	186	74.7
Serum creatinine level	High	37	14.9
	Normal	212	85.1
Complications of DM	Yes	78	31.3
	No	171	68.7
Glycemic control	Poor	135	54.2
	Good	114	45.8
Types of treatment	Oral hypoglycemic agents	191	76.7
	*Combined	58	23.3
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	> 90	157	63.1
	60–89.9	49	19.7
	< 60	43	17.2

Note: *Combined: Both insulin and Oral hypoglycemic agents.

Figure 1 Prevalence and degree of anemia among type 2 DM patients; attending at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia, April 1 – May 30, 2019.

Figure 2 Distribution of MCV and MCHC of anemic type 2 DM patients; attending at Debre Berhan referral hospital, North-East Ethiopia, April 1- May 30, 2019.

Table 3 Multi-Variable Logistic Regression of Variables Associated with Anemia Among T2DM Patients Attending at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North-East Ethiopia, 2019 (n=249)

Variable	Anemia		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
	Yes	No
Age category
≤ 60 years	22	168	1*		1*
> 60 years	28	31	6.89 (3.50–13.58)	0.000	3.06 (1.32–7.11)	0.009**
Duration of DM
≤ 10 years	19	166	1*		1*
> 10 years	31	33	8.21(4.15–16.24)	0.000	2.75 (1.17–6.48)	0.021**
Central obesity
No	33	171	1*		1*
Yes	17	28	3.15(1.55–6.39)	0.002	2.54 (0.65–9.93)	0.179
BMI (Kg/m^2)
18.5–24.9	27	133	1*		1*
<18.5	6	10	2.96 (0.99–8.82)	0.052	4.80 (1.09–21.02)	0.057
> 25	17	56	1.49 (0.75–2.96)	0.248	0.98 (0.38–2.51)	0.976
SBP (mmHg)
˂130	27	145	1*		1*
≥130	23	54	2.29 (1.21–4.33)	0.011	0.48 (0.08–2.85)	0.418
DBP (mmHg)
˂80	26	160	1*		1*
≥80	24	39	3.79 (1.96–7.30)	0.000	1.91 (0.83–4.39)	0.130
DM complications
No	15	156	1*		1*
Yes	35	43	8.47 (4.23–16.92)	0.000	3.81 (1.65–8.81)	0.002**
Glycemic control
Good	12	102	1*		1*
Poor	38	97	3.33 (1.64–6.75)	0.001	2.95 (1.22–7.15)	0.017**
SCr (mg/dl)
Normal	28	184	1*		1*
Higher	22	15	8.28 (3.8–17.70)	0.000	2.56 (0.78–8.41)	0.121
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)
≥90	14	134	1*		1*
60–89.9	16	39	3.93 (1.76–8.75)	0.001	2.91(1.15–7.37)	0.025**
˂60	20	26	7.36 (3.30–16.42)	0.000	6.58 (2.42–17.93)	0.000**

Notes: *References: Category; **Shows p<0.05=significant association with multi-variable logistic regression.

Abbreviation: SCr, Serum creatinine.