Epistaxis and Its Associated Factors Among Precollege Students in Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=387)

Variables Category		Frequency	Percent (%)
Age	15–17	133	34.4
	18–20	233	60.2
	>20	21	5.4
Sex	Male	221	57.1
	Female	166	42.9
Level of education	Grade 11th	211	54.5
	Grade 12th	176	45.5
Participants’ Fathers Job	Daily laborer	52	13.4
	Governmental employee	187	48.3
	Merchant	94	24.3
	Private worker	45	11.6
	Farmer	9
Participants’ Mothers Job	Housewife	165	42.6
	Governmental employee	121	31.3
	Merchant	76	19.6
	Private worker	23	5.9
	Farmer	2
Family Income	≤1,000 birr	12	3.1
	1,001–3,000 birr	110	28.4
	>3,000	265	68.5

Table 2 Blood Group Distribution and Health-Related Characteristics of the Study Participants

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
RBC Morphology	Normocytic Normochromic	345	89.1
	Normocytic Hypochromic	27	7.0
	Other	15	3.9
Heart Disease	Yes	9	2.3
	No	378	97.7
Alcohol	Yes	10	2.6
	No	377	97.4
Cigarette Smoking	Yes	2
	No	385	99.5
Frequency of Bathing	Once a week	199	51.4
	Two times a week	30	7.8
	Three times a week	153	39.5
	Every day	5
Type of bathing	Cold shower only	135	34.9
	Hot shower only	128	33.1
	Both hot and cold shower	124	32.0

Figure 1 Blood group distribution of the study participants (n=387).

Table 3 Habit of Diet of the Study Participants (n=387)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
Datta eating	Yes	148	38.2
	No	239	61.8
Datta eating frequency	Daily	105	71.0
	Once a week	40	27.0
	Sometimes	3	2.0
Coffee drinking	Yes	186	48.1
	No	201	51.9
Frequency of coffee drinking	Daily	62	33.3
	Once a week	67	36.0
	2–3 times a week	56	30.1
	Sometimes	1	0.6
Ginger tea	Yes	134	34.6
	No	253	65.4
Frequency of ginger tea	Daily	14	10.9
	Once a week	12	9.0
	2–3 times a week	97	72.4
	Sometimes	11	8.2
Types of food consumed	Vegetables	180	46.5
	Meat	51	13.2
	Cereals	89	23.0
	Vegetables and cereals	52	13.4
	Cereals and meat	15	3.9
Fruit Consumption	Yes	201	51.9
	No	186	48.1
Frequency of fruit consumption	Daily	50	24.9
	Once a week	81	40.3
	2–3 times a week	68	33.8
	Sometimes	2	1.0

Table 4 Epistaxis-Related Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=108)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
Last episode of epistaxis	Before 1 year	4	3.7
	6–12 months	36	33.3
	3–6 months	57	52.8
	<3 months	11	10.2
Number of episodes within a year	Once	4	3.7
	2–5	46	42.6
	6–7	39	36.1
	8–10	14	13.0
	>10	5	4.6
Nasal bleeding time	2–3 min	42	38.9
	4–6 min	19	17.6
	7–10 min	46	42.6
	>10 min	1	0.9
Cause of nasal bleeding	Trauma only	8	7.4
	Nose picking	14	13.0
	Dry weather only	27	25.0
	Stress only	32	29.6
	Hot bath	1	0.9
	Both dry weather and hot bath	3	2.8
	Both dry weather and stress	11	10.2
	Both trauma and stress	12	11.1

Table 5 Factors Associated with Epistaxis Among the Participants (n=387)

Variables	Epistaxis	None Epistaxis	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex
Male	77	144	2.33 (1.4–3.8)	2.09 (0.7–5.8)	0.158
Female	31	135	Ref.	Ref.
Blood group
Non-O-blood group	43	176	Ref	Ref.
O-blood group	65	103	2.58 (1.6–4.1)	3.96 (1.5–10.4)	0.005*
Interval of bathing
Once per week	55	144	1.13 (0.7–1.8)	0.59 (0.2–1.8)	0.364
Twice per week	13	17	2.26 (1.0–5.1)	0.79 (0.2–3.8)	0.766
More than twice per week	40	118	Ref.	Ref.
Type of water for Bathing
Cold water	24	111	Ref.	Ref.
Hot water	40	88	2.10 (1.2–3.7)	1.98 (0.6–6.4)
Both hot and cold water	44	80	2.54 (1.4–4.5)	4.55 (1.1–18.6)	0.035*
Datta eating interval
Daily	54	51	2.74 (1.3–5.9)	1.13 (0.3–4.7)	0.868
No daily	12	31	Ref.	Ref.
Coffee drinking habit
Yes	71	115	2.74 (1.7–4.4)	2.6 (0.9–7.3)	0.064
No	37	164	Ref.	Ref.
Coffee drinking frequency
Daily	32	30	2.33 (1.2–4.3)	2.75 (1.0 −7.4)	0.044*
Not Daily	39	85	Ref.	Ref.
Drinking Ginger tea
Yes	52	82	2.23 (1.4–3.5)	1.5 (0.5–4.3)	0.416
No	56	197	Ref.	Ref.

Note: *Significant association.