A Third of Pregnant Women are Affected by Anemia in Eastern Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women Admitted to Labor Wards of Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia, 2018 (N=405)

Variables	Category	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
Age in years	15–24	145	35.8
	25–34	206	50.9
	35–44	54	13.3
Place of residence	Urban	248	61.2
	Rural	157	38.8
Marital status	Married	321	79.2
	Divorced	21	5.2
	Single	34	8.4
	Separated	29	7.2
Educational status	Unable to read and write	131	32.3
	Read and write only	24	5.9
	Primary	77	19
	Secondary	88	21.7
	College and above	85	21
Occupation of women	Housewife	178	44
	Government employee	61	15
	Private employee	52	12.8
	Daily laborer	19	4.7
	Farmer	21	5.2
	Merchant	42	10.3
	Student	32	8

Table 2 Obstetric, Health and Lifestyle of Pregnant Women Admitted to Labor Wards of Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia, 2018 (N=405)

Variables	Category	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
ANC visits	Yes	327	80.7
	No	78	19.3
Number of ANC visits	<4	163	40.2
	≥4	164	40.4
Gravidity	1	135	33.3
	2–4	191	47.2
	≥5	79	19.5
Parity	1	160	39.5
	2–4	181	44.7
	≥5	64	15.8
Birth interval in years	<2	178	44.0
	≥2	227	56.0
History of contraceptive use	Yes	182	44.9
	No	223	55.1
IFA supplementation in current pregnancy	Yes	290	71.6
	No	115	28.4
Duration of IFA use in months	1–4	232	57.3
	≥4	58	14.3
Blood loss in the current pregnancy	Yes	38	9.4
	No	367	90.6
History of hypertension	Yes	11	2.7
	No	394	97.3
HIV/AIDS	Yes	7	1.7
	No	398	98.3
Smoking cigarettes	Yes	25	6.2
	No	380	93.8
Khat chewing	Yes	88	21.7
	No	317	78.3
Alcohol drinking	Yes	36	8.9
	No	369	91.1
Eating leafy vegetables	Yes	233	57.5
	No	172	42.5
Drinking milk after meals	Yes	210	51.9
	No	195	48.1
Drinking milk with tea after meals	Yes	132	32.6
	No	273	67.4
Drinking coffee after meals	Yes	136	33.6
	No	269	66.4
Meal frequency per day	1–2 times	61	15.1
	≥ 3 times	344	84.9

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; HIV/AIDS, human immune virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome; IFA, iron folic acid.

Table 3 Factors Associated with Anemia Among Pregnant Women Admitted to Labor Wards of Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia, 2018 (N=405)

Variables	Category	Anemia		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		No	Yes
		n (%)	n (%)
Place of residence	Urban	196 (79)	52 (21)	1	1
	Rural	75 (47.8)	82 (52.2)	4.12 (2.66,6.38)	3.79 (1.81,7.94)***
Marital status	Married	228 (71)	93 (29)	1	1
	Divorced	13 (61.9)	8 (38.1)	1.50 (0.60,3.76)	1.12 (0.24,5.10)
	Single	10 (29.4)	24 (70.6)	5.88 (2.70,12.78)	2.70 (0.78,9.28)
	Separated	20 (69)	9 (31)	1.10 (0.48,2.51)	0.73 (0.17,3.15)
ANC visit	Yes	248 (75.8)	79 (24.2)	1	1
	No	23 (29.5)	55 (70.5)	7.50 (4.33,12.99)	3.43 (1.34,8.79)*
Birth interval in years	<2	100 (56.2)	78 (43.8)	1	1
	≥2	171 (75.3)	56 (24.7)	0.42 (0.27,0.64)	0.67 (0.32,1.39)
History of contraceptive use	Yes	133 (73.1)	49 (26.9)	0.59 (0.39,0.91)	1.37 (0.64,2.95)
	No	138 (61.9)	85 (38.1)	1	1
IFA supplementation	Yes	208 (71.7)	82 (28.3)	0.47 (0.30,0.74)	0.56 (0.24,1.33)
	No	63 (54.8)	52 (45.2)	1	1
History of blood loss	Yes	10 (26.3)	28 (73.7)	1	1
	No	261 (71.1)	106 (28.9)	0.14 (0.06,0.30)	0.25 (0.06,0.96)*
Smoking cigarettes	Yes	8 (32)	17 (68)	1	1
	No	263 (69.2)	117 (30.8)	0.20 (0.08,0.49)	1.07 (0.23,4.86)
Alcohol drinking	Yes	12 (33.3)	24 (66.7)	4.70 (2.27,9.75)*	1.66 (0.44,6.15)
	No	259 (70.2)	110 (29.8)	1	1
Eating leafy vegetables	Yes	204 (87.6)	29 (12.4)	0.09 (0.05,0.14)	0.12 (0.06,0.24)***
	No	67 (39)	105 (61)	1	1
Drinking milk with tea after meals	No	49 (37.1)	83 (62.9)	1	1
	Yes	222 (81.3)	51 (18.7)	7.37 (4.62,11.75)	2.88 (1.48,5.61)*
Meal frequency per a day	1–2	19 (31.1)	42 (68.9)	6.05 (3.34,10.94)	3.90 (1.69,8.97)**
	≥3	252 (73.3)	92 (26.7)	1	1

Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.001, ***p<0.0000.

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; IFA, iron folic acid.