Dynamics of COVID-19 Lockdown on Blood Indices and Its Impact on Individuals’ Immunological Health Status: A Cohort Study in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Target Population Used for This Study (n = 2414)

Gender	Male	Female
Max Age	91	82
Min Age	18	18
Average Age	27	29
Count	772	1642

Table 2 Statistical Analysis for Average Counts of RBC-Related Indices

Parameter	Mean PP	Mean LP	95% Confidence Interval	Unpaired t Test			F-Test
				p-value	t	df	p-value	F	DFn
RBC	4.32	4.59	0.1936 to 0.3500	<0.001	6.817	1615	<0.001	1.359	1183
HGB	11.69	12.61	0.6781 to 1.157	<0.001	7.511	1715	NS	1.044	440
HCT	34.33	36.91	1.940 to 3.227	<0.001	7.876	1722	<0.01	1.223	1279
MCH	27.38	27.44	−0.2725 to 0.4048	NS	0.383	1704	NS	1.184	437
MCV	80.35	80.39	−0.6482 to 0.7249	NS	0.109	1709	NS	1.070	441
RDW	15.27	14.40	−1.301 to −0.4431	<0.001	3.988	1703	<0.001	1.662	1265

Notes: Comparison was performed between the “Lockdown Period: LP” which lasted for five months (from May 2020 until September 2020), and the “Preceding Period: PP” which lasted for 10 months (from July 2019 until April 2020). Mean: average value of all data in that particular time period.

Abbreviation: NS, not significant.

Figure 1 Accumulative representation of RBC-related blood indices for 2414 patients shown in months from February 2019 until December 2020. (A) Red blood cells (RBC) counts are shown as average for each month ±SEM in 10⁶/µL; (B) Hemoglobin levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in g/dL; (C) Hematocrit levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in percentage; (D) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in pg; (E) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in fL; (F) RBC distribution width (RDW) levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in percentage.

Figure 2 Difference between average means of blood indices. (A) RBCs: red blood cells. (B) HGB: hemoglobin. (C) HCT: hematocrit. (D) MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin. (E) MCV: mean corpuscular volume. (F) RDW: RBC distribution width.

Abbreviations: PP, period preceding the lockdown; LP, lockdown period.

Table 3 Statistical Analysis for Average Counts of WBC-Related Indices

Parameter	Mean PP	Mean LP	95% Confidence Interval	Unpaired t Test			F Test
				p-value	t	df	p-value	F	DFn
WBC	8.423	7.156	−1.712 to −0.8216	<0.001	5.581	1718	<0.001	3.841	1277
LYM	39.98	39.15	−2.217 to 0.5505	NS	1.181	1703	NS	1.110	1266
NEU	50.03	50.91	0.4100 to 3.350	NS	2.508	1702	NS	1.079	1265

Notes: Comparison was performed between the “Lockdown Period: LP”, which lasted for 5 months (from May 2020 until September 2020), and the “Preceding Period: PP” which lasted for 10 months (from July 2019 until April 2020). Mean: average value of all data in that particular time period.

Abbreviation: NS, not significant.

Figure 3 Accumulative representation of WBC-related blood indices for 2414 patients shown in months from February 2019 until December 2020. (A) Total white blood cells (WBC) counts are shown as average for each month ±SEM in 10³/µL; (B) Lymphocyte percentages are shown as average for each month ±SEM in percentage; (C) Neutrophil percentages levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in percentage.

Figure 4 Difference between average means of blood indices. (A) WBCs: white blood cells. (B) LYM: lymphocytes. (C) NEU: neutrophils.

Abbreviations: PP, period preceding the lockdown; LP, lockdown period.

Table 4 Statistical Analysis for Average Counts of Platelet-Related Indices

Parameter	Mean PP	Mean LP	95% Confidence Interval	Unpaired t Test			F Test
				p-value	t	df	p-value	F	DFn
PLT	361.7	318.2	−61.80 to −25.18	<0.001	4.659	1703	<0.001	2.732	1266
PDW	13.18	12.58	−0.8642 to −0.3345	<0.001	4.439	1587	<0.001	1.700	1167

Notes: Comparison was performed between the “Lockdown Period: LP”, which lasted for 5 months (from May 2020 until September 2020), and the “Preceding Period: PP”, which lasted for 10 months (from July 2019 until April 2020). Mean: average value of all data in that particular time period.

Abbreviation: NS, not significant.

Figure 5 Accumulative representation of platelet-related blood indices for 2414 patients shown in months from February 2019 until December 2020. (A) Platelet counts are shown as average for each month ±SEM in 10⁶/µL; (B) Platelet distribution width (PDW) levels are shown as average for each month ±SEM in percentage.

Figure 6 Difference between average means of blood indices. (A) PLT: platelets. (B) PDW: platelet distribution width.

Abbreviations: PP, period preceding the lockdown; LP, lockdown period.