Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections and Associated Factors Among Prisoners in Northeast Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Prisoners in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia (N=339)

Variables	Category	Frequency: N^O (%)	HBsAg (22/339)		Fisher’s Exact Test (p-value)	Anti-HCV (4/339)		Fisher’s Exact Test (p-value)
			Positive: N^O (%)	Negative: N^O (%)		Positive: N^O (%)	Negative: N^O (%)
Gender	Male	303 (89.4)	21 (6.9)	282 (93.1)	0.490	4 (1.3)	299 (98.7)	1.000
	Female	36 (10.6)	1 (2.7)	35 (97.3)		0	36 (100)
Age (years)	18–24	82 (24.2)	1 (1.2)	81 (98.8)	0.003*	2 (2.4)	80 (97.6)	0.548
	25–34	126 (37.2)	7 (5.5)	119 (94.5)		2 (1.8)	124 (98.4)
	35–44	64 (18.8)	3 (4.7)	61 (95.3)		0	64 (100)
	≥45	67 (19.8)	11 (16.4)	56 (83.5)		0	67 (100)
Marital status	Married	134 (39.5)	2 (1.5)	132 (98.5)	0.002*	1 (0.7)	133 (99.3)	0.583
	Single	167 (49.3)	18 (10.8)	149 (89.2)		2 (1.2)	165 (98.8)
	Divorced/ Widow	38 (11.2)	2 (5.26)	36 (94.74)		1 (2.63)	37 (97.37)
Residence	Rural	154 (45.4)	18 (11.7)	136 (88.3)	0.001*	2 (1.2)	152 (98.7)	1.000
	Urban	185 (54.6)	4 (2.1)	181 (97.8)		2 (1.1)	183 (98.9)
Education status	Unable to read and write	78 (23.0)	12 (15.4)	66 (84.6)	0.009*	1 (1.3)	77 (98.7)	0.644
	Primary school	129 (38.1)	6 (4.7)	123 (95.3)		1 (0.8)	128 (99.2)
	Secondary school	77 (22.7)	2 (2.6)	75 (97.4)		2 (2.6)	75 (97.4)
	College/University	55 (16.2)	2 (3.6)	53 (96.4)		0	55 (100)
Occupational status	Farmer	101 (29.8)	7 (6.9)	94 (93.1)	0.311	0	101 (100)	0.090
	Daily laborer	58 (17.1)	6 (10.3)	52 (89.7)		2 (3.4)	56 (96.6)
	Governmental employee	76 (22.4)	3 (3.9)	73 (96.1)		0	76 (100)
	Unemployed	40 (11.8)	4 (10.0)	36 (90.0)		0	40 (100)
	Student	53 (15.6)	1 (1.9)	52 (98.1)		2 (3.8)	51 (96.2)
	Housewife	11 (3.2)	1 (9.1)	10 (90.9)		0	11 (100)

Notes: *The observed difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; Anti-HCV, anti- hepatitis C virus antibodies.

Table 2 Prison History and Risk Behaviors of Prisoners in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia (N=339)

Variables	Category	Frequency: N^O (%)	HBsAg (22/339)		Fisher’s Exact Test p-value	Anti-HCV (4/339)		Fisher’s Exact Test p-value
			Positive: N^O (%)	Negative: N^O (%)		Positive: N^O (%)	Negative: N^O (%)
Duration spent	<1year	112 (33)	9 (8.0)	103 (92.0)	0.138	2 (1.8)	110 (98.2)	0.826
	1–3 years	90 (26.5)	2 (2.2)	88 (97.8)		1 (1.1)	89 (98.9)
	>3 years	137 (40.5)	11 (8.0)	126 (92.0)		1 (0.7)	136 (99.3)
History of previous imprisonment	Yes	124 (36.6)	17 (13.7)	107 (86.3)	<0.001*	2 (1.6)	122 (98.4)	0.625
	No	215 (63.4)	5 (2.3)	210 (97.7)		2 (0.9)	213 (99.1)
Multiple sexual partner	Yes	143 (42.2)	18 (12.6)	125 (87.4)	<0.001*	1 (0.7)	142 (99.3)	0.641
	No	196 (57.8)	4 (2.0)	192 (98.0)		3 (1.53)	193 (98.47)
History of sexually transmitted disease	Yes	124 (36.6)	7 (5.64)	117 (94.36)	0.820	0	124 (100)	0.301
	No	215 (63.4)	15 (6.97)	200 (93.03)		4 (1.86)	211 (98.14)
History of blood transfusion	Yes	48 (14.2)	4 (8.33)	44 (91.67)	0.532	3 (6.25)	45 (93.75)	0.010*
	No	291 (85.8)	18 (6.18)	273 (93.82)		1 (0.34)	290 (99.66)
History of surgical procedures	Yes	65 (19.2)	6 (9.23)	59 (90.77)	0.398	3 (4.62)	62 (95.38)	0.023*
	No	274 (80.8)	16 (5.84)	258 (94.16)		1 (0.36)	273 (99.64)
History of sharing sharp materials	Yes	74 (21.8)	8 (10.8)	66 (89.2)	0.108	2 (2.7)	72 (97.3)	0.209
	No	265 (78.2)	14 (5.28)	251 (94.72)		2(0.75)	263 (99.25)
Injectable drug use	Yes	13 (3.8)	1 (7.7)	12 (92.3)	0.589	0	13 (100)	1.000
	No	326 (96.2)	21 (6.44)	305 (93.56)		4 (1.23)	322 (98.77)
Tattooing	Yes	191 (56.3)	20 (10.47)	171 (89.53)	0.001*	3 (1.57)	188 (98.43)	0.635
	No	148 (43.7)	2 (1.35)	146 (98.65)		1 (0.67)	147 (99.33)
Ear/ nose piercing	Yes	90 (26.5)	8 (8.9)	82 (91.1)	0.319	0	90 (100)	0.577
	No	249 (73.5)	14 (5.62)	235 (94.38)		4 (1.6)	245 (98.4)
Homosexual	Yes	7 (2.1)	1 (14.3)	6 (85.7)	0.378	0	7 (100)	1.000
	No	332 (97.9)	21 (6.33)	311 (93.67)		4 (1.2)	328 (98.8)
History of dental extraction	Yes	35 (10.3)	4 (11.43)	31 (88.57)	0.264	3 (8.57)	32 (91.43)	0.004*
	No	304 (89.7)	18 (5.9)	286 (94.1)		1 (0.33)	303 (99.67)
Contact with jaundiced patient	Yes	179 (52.8)	16 (8.9)	163 (91.1)	0.076	3 (1.68)	176 (98.32)	0.625
	No	160 (47.2)	6 (3.75)	154 (96.25)		1 (0.63)	159 (99.37)

Note: *The observed difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; Anti-HCV, anti- hepatitis C virus antibodies.

Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for HBV Infection Among Prisoners in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia (N=339)

Variables	Categories	HBsAg		COR (95% CI)	p-value	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
		Positive: N^O (%)	Negative: N^O (%)
Age	18–24	1 (1.2)	81 (98.8)	1		1
	25–34	7 (5.5)	119 (94.5)	4.76 (0.57–39.46)	0.15	2.26 (0.19–26.06)	0.51
	35–44	3 (4.7)	61 (95.3)	3.98 (0.40–39.2)	0.23	5.19 (0.38–70.997)	0.21
	≥45	11 (16.4)	56 (83.5)	15.9 (1.99–26.75	0.009	18.7 (1.73–20.37)	0.016*
Educational level	Not read & write	12 (15.4)	66 (84.6)	4.08 (1.03–22.47)	0.045	3.29 (0.35–30.88)	0.29
	Primary school	6 (4.7)	123 (95.3)	1.29 (0.257–6.61)	0.758	1.2 (0.122–12.27)	0.86
	Secondary school	2 (2.6)	75 (97.4)	0.7 (0.096–5.176)	0.73	0.4 (0.02–5.67)	0.50
	College/University	2 (3.6)	53 (96.4)	1		1
Residence	Rural	18 (11.7)	136 (88.3)	4.47 (1.60–12.4)	0.004	8.51 (2.00–36.12)	0.004*
	Urban	4 (2.1)	181 (97.8)	1		1
Number of sexual partners	1	3 (2.7)	110 (97.3)	2.23 (0.22–21.8)	0.48	0.81 (0.06–11.09)	0.879
	≥2	18 (12.6)	125 (87.4)	11.8 (1.54–90.16)	0.02	8.65 (1.79–93.8)	0.026*
	0	1 (1.2)	82 (98.8)	1		1
History of previous imprisonment	Yes	17 (13.7)	107 (86.3)	6.67 (2.39–18.5)	0.00	7.15 (1.91–26.7)	0.003*
	No	5 (2.3)	210 (97.7)	1		1
Tattooing	Yes	20 (10.5)	171 (89.5)	8.53 (1.96–37.14)	0.004	15.03 (1.68–134.3)	0.015*
	No	2 (1.4)	146 (98.6)	1		1
History of sharing sharp materials	Yes	8 (11.0)	66 (89.0)	2.20 (0.88–5.4)	0.08	2.93 (0.77–11.1)	0.11
	No	14 (5.3)	251 (94.7)	1		1
History of dental extraction	Yes	6 (4.8)	118 (95.2)	2.05 (0.65–6.44)	0.01	1.09 (0.20–5.85)	0.91
	No	16 (7.4)	199 (92.6)	1		1
Contact with jaundiced patient	Yes	16 (8.9)	163 (91.1)	3.02 (1.08–8.45)	0.03	4.35 (1.14–16.5)	0.03*
	No	6 (3.1)	154 (96.9)	1		1

Note: *The observed difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for HCV Infection Among Prisoners in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia (N=339)

Variables		Anti-HCV		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
		Positive: N^O (%)	Negative: N^O (%)
History of blood transfusion	Yes	3(6.3)	45(93.8)	19.33(1.96–189.93)	27.63(2.34–325.59)	0.008*
	No	1(0.3)	290(99.7)	1	1
History of operation	Yes	3(4.6)	62(95.4)	13.21(1.35–129.135)	5.68(0.41–78.59)	0.19
	No	1(0.4)	273(99.6)	1	1
Sharing of sharp material	Yes	2(2.7)	72(97.3)	3.70(0.51–26.75)	7.07(0.05–10.05)	0.843
	No	2(0.8)	263(99.2)	1	1
History of dental extraction	Yes	3(2.4)	121(97.6)	28.4(2.87–281.15)	39.94(3.40–68.58)	0.003*
	No	1(0.5)	214(99.5)	1	1

Notes: *The observed difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: Anti-HCV, anti- hepatitis C virus antibodies; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio