Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Osyris quadripartita Decne. (Santalaceae) in rats

Figures & data

Table 1 Results for preliminary phytochemical screening of Osyris quadripartita

Test	Observation
Test for alkaloids	Positive
Test for phenols	Positive
Test for terpenoids	Positive
Test for tannins	Positive
Test for saponins	Positive
Test for anthraquinones	Negative
Test for glycosides	Negative
Test for steroids	Negative
Test for flavonoids	Positive

Table 2 Effect of OQ single-dose pretreatment in pylorus ligation-induced ulcer

Groups	Volume of gastric secretion	pH	Total acidity	Ulcer score	Reduction in ulcer score (%)	Ulcer index	% Inhibition of ulceration
NC	3.9±0.32	3.42±0.50	84.83±3.95	5.75±0.955	–	5.32±0.62	–
R50	2±0.30	5.74±0.76	52.92±8.13a,*	3.0±0.70	47.83	2.72±0.66a,**	48.87
OQ100	3.86±0.89	3.23±0.30	85.08±3.33	4.83±0.90	16.00	5.03±0.26	5.45
OQ200	2.85±0.23	4.00±0.27	72.17±4.56	3.67±1.01	36.17	3.15±0.18a,*	40.79
OQ400	2.25±0.17	5.09±0.76	55.17±3.36a,*	2.08±0.39a,*	63.83	2.35±0.25a,***	55.82

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SEM for each group (n=6);

a against NC;

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; R50, ranitidine 50 mg/kg; OQ100, 100 mg/kg of extract; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; OQ400, 400 mg/kg of extract; SEM, standard error of mean.

Table 3 Effect of OQ 10-day pretreatment on pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer

Groups	Volume of gastric secretion	pH	Total acidity	Ulcer score	Reduction in ulcer score (%)	Ulcer index	% Inhibition of ulceration
NC	3.9±0.31	3.41±0.50	84.83±3.95	5.75±0.95	–	5.32±0.62	–
R50	1.51±0.40a,***	5.85±0.78a,*	50.90±1.32a,***	1.33±0.166a,***	76.87	1.93±1.85a,***	63.72
OQ200	1.71±0.10a,***	5.21±0.36	56.16±1.85a,***	1.41±0.15a,***	75.48	1.78±0.03a,***	66.48

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SEM for each group (n=6);

a against NC;

* P<0.05;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; R50, ranitidine 50 mg/kg; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; SEM, standard error of mean.

Table 4 Effect of OQ 20-day pretreatment on pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer

Groups	Volume of gastric secretion	pH	Total acidity	Ulcer Score	Reduction in ulcer score (%)	Ulcer index	% Inhibition of ulceration
NC	3.9±0.31	3.41±0.50	84.83±3.95	5.75±0.95	–	5.32±0.62	–
R50	1.11±0.06a,***	6.05±0.23a,*	48.67±3.14a,***	1.25±0.11a,***	78.26	1.76±0.16a,***	66.92
OQ200	1.26±0.17a,***	5.53±0.92	53.67±1.93a,***	1.16±0.16a,***	79.83	1.68±0.27a,***	68.42

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SEM for each group (n=6);

a against NC;

* P<0.05;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; R50, ranitidine 50 mg/kg; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; SEM, standard error of mean.

Table 5 Effect of the leaf extract of OQ on ulcer score and ulcer index in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in single-dose study

Groups	Ulcer score	Reduction in ulcer score (%)	Ulcer index	% Inhibition of ulceration
NC	5.75±0.69	–	5.12±0.28	–
S100	2.33±0.33a,***	59.49	1.67±0.31a,***	67.4
OQ200	2.91±0.20a,**	49.39	2.34±0.13a,***	54.3
OQ400	2.41±0.32a,***	58.09	1.94±0.24a,***	62.11

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SEM for each group (n=6);

a against NC;

** P<0.01;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; S100, sucralfate 100 mg/kg; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; OQ400, 400 mg/kg of extract; SEM, standard error of mean.

Table 6 Effect of OQ 10-day pretreatment on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer

Groups	Ulcer score	Reduction in ulcer score (%)	Ulcer index	% Inhibition of ulceration
NC	5.75±0.69	–	5.12±0.27	–
S100	1.08±0.15a,***	81.22	1.04±0.36a,***	79.69
OQ200	1.5±0.22a,***	73.91	1.46±0.29a,***	71.48

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SEM for each group (n=6);

a against NC;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; S100, sucralfate 100 mg/kg; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; SEM, standard error of mean.

Table 7 Effect of OQ 20-day pretreatment on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer

Groups	Ulcer score	Reduction in ulcer score (%)	Ulcer index	% Inhibition of ulceration
NC	5.75±0.69	–	5.12±0.27	–
S100	0.75±0.11a,***	86.96	0.54±0.28a,***	89.45
OQ200	0.91±0.15a,***	84.17	0.75±0.24a,***	85.35

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SEM for each group (n=6);

a against NC;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; S100, sucralfate 100 mg/kg; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; SEM, standard error of mean.

Figure 1 (A) Pyloric ligation method: single-dose study. (B) Pyloric ligation method: 10 days of pretreatment or repeated-dose study. (C) Pyloric ligation method: 20 days of pretreatment or repeated-dose study.

Notes: As shown in (A), the extract at the highest dose (OQ400) demonstrated better effects than the standard drug (R50) in terms of percent inhibition of ulcer score and ulcer index. (B and C) demonstrate that the extract 200 mg\kg dose possess better anti-ulcer effect when taken repeatedly.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; NC, negative control; R50, ranitidine 50 mg/kg; OQ100, 100 mg/kg of extract; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; OQ400, 400 mg/kg of extract.

Figure 2 (A) Ethanol-induced ulcer: single-dose study. (B) Ethanol-induced model: 10 days of pretreatment or repeated-dose study. (C) Ethanol-induced model: 20 days of pretreatment or repeated-dose study.

Notes: As shown in (A), the extract demonstrated better anti-ulcer effect at the higher dose (OQ400). (B and C) demonstrate that the extract 200 mg\kg dose possess better anti-ulcer effect when taken repeatedly.

Abbreviations: OQ, Osyris quadripartita; R50, ranitidine 50 mg/kg; NC, negative control; S100, sucralfate 100 mg/kg; OQ200, 200 mg/kg of extract; OQ400, 400 mg/kg of extract; R50, ranitidine 50 mg/kg.