Gastroprotective Effect of DLBS2411 Bioactive Fraction from Cinnamomum burmannii Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage in Rats

Figures & data

Table 1 Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer Model; Treatment in Each Group

Group	Treatment
Normal control	Vehicle 1 mL/kg BW
Negative control (placebo)	Vehicle 1 mL/kg BW; 99.5% ethanol 1 mL/kg BW
25 mg/kg BW DLBS2411	DLBS2411 25 mg/kg BW; 99.5% ethanol 1 mL/kg BW
50 mg/kg BW DLBS2411	DLBS2411 50 mg/kg BW; 99.5% ethanol 1 mL/kg BW
Positive control (sucralfate)	Sucralfate 100 mg/kg BW; 99.5% ethanol 1 mL/kg BW

Table 2 Effects of DLBS2411 and Sucralfate on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats

Treatment	ULI	Ulcer Surface Area (mm^2)	Number of Ulcerations	Percentage of Lesion Area	Percentage of Cure Ratio
Normal control group	–	–	–	–	–
Negative control group	36.8±17.2	145.33±47.73^b,c,d	17.6±6.54	22.64±6.82^b,c,d	–
DLBS2411 25 mg/kg BW	34.6±12.84	35.67±29.21^a	19.60±6.66	6.75±4.41^a	62.98±34.24
DLBS2411 50 mg/kg BW	21.4±12.82	35.47±28.30^a	11.6±6.58	6.18±4.63^a	71.64±25.49
Positive control group	8.8±13.03	12.80±17.63^a	5±8.25	2.48±3.39^a	88.93±16.08

Notes: The Normal control group did not receive ethanol, while all remaining groups did. ^ap<0.05 versus Negative control (placebo); ^bp<0.05 versus DLBS2411 25 mg/kg BW; ^cp<0.05 versus DLBS2411 50 mg/kg BW; ^dp<0.05 versus positive control (sucralfate).

Figure 1 Pathology of rats’ stomachs after being induced with ethanol. (A) Normal control group; (B) Negative control group; (C) Positive control group (100 mg/kg BW sucralfate); (D) 25 mg/kg BW DLBS2411; (E) 50 mg/kg BW DLBS2411. The arrows (►) show representative findings of gastric ulcers.

Figure 2 Classification of ulcer area.

Figure 3 Histopathological examination of rats’ stomachs. Samples were from the stomach of a normal rat (A), a rat with the gastric ulcer treated with saline (B), a rat with the gastric ulcer treated with 100 mg/kg BW sucralfate (C), and rats with the gastric ulcer treated with 25 mg/kg BW DLBS2411 (D) and 50 mg/kg BW DLBS2411 (E). The slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and then examined under an optical microscope (20×). Mucosal desquamation (white arrows); necrosis of gastric mucosa (yellow arrows); undamaged gastric mucosal architecture (arrowheads).

Table 3 Hematological Examination After Treatments

Description	Group
	Normal Control	Negative Control	Positive Control	Treatment
				DLBS2411	DLBS2411
				25 mg/kg	50 mg/kg
WBC (10^3/µL)	7.17±1.62	7.17±0.89	7.59±1.81	6.6±1.73	8.62±3.62
RBC (10^6/µL)	7.71±0.3	8.29±0.11	8.21±1.12	8.41±0.25	8.26±0.33
HGB (g/dL)	15.52±0.9	16.53±0.42	16.5±2.05	16.89±0.46	16.5±0.49
HCT (%)	42.4±2.24	45.51±0.94	45.56±5.87	46.8±1.19	46.02±0.92
MCV (fL)	54.94±0.89	54.91±1.64	55.55±1.28	55.73±1.88	55.77±1.46
MCH (pg)	20.12±0.48	19.94±0.67	20.14±0.53	20.09±0.66	19.98±0.43
MCHC (g/dL)	36.61±0.43	36.34±0.23	36.24±0.19	36.04±0.39	35.85±0.59
PLT (10^3/µL)	932.5±75.66	827.13±70.92	699.13±242.12	861.7±120.76	951.5±126.66