Anti-Oxidant Potential and Antimalarial Effects of Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae) Against Plasmodium berghei: Evidence for in vivo Antimalarial Activity

Figures & data

Table 1 Phytochemical Constituent of Methanolic Crude Leaf Extract of A. polystachyus

Secondary Metabolites	Test Results
Alkaloid	–
Flavonoids	+
Saponins	+
Tannins	+
Glycosides	+
Phenols	+
Steroids	–
Terpenoids	+
Anthraquinones	+

Notes: (+): Indicates the presence of the constituents; (-): Indicates the absence of the constituents.

Figure 1 Free radical scavenging activity of the leaf extract of Acanthus polystachyus.

Notes: Each value of percentage inhibition of α-amylase is presented as means ± SEM, n = 3.

Abbreviation: DPPH Assay, diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay model.

Table 2 Effect of A. polystachyus on Percentage Parasitemia and Survival Time of P. berghei Infected Mice in the 4-Day Suppressive Test

Group	% Parasitemia	% Suppression	Survival Time (Days)
NC	39.80±1.23	–	6.80±0.45
25mg/kg CQ	0.00±2.01^a****	100	30.00±0.87^a****
100g/kg	28.80±0.99^a**, ^b****	27.64	10.20±0.62^a***, ^b****
200mg/kg	26.40±1.30^a****, ^b****	33.67	11.20±1.01^a****, ^b****
400mg/kg	20.20±1.33^a****, ^b****	49.25	13.60±0.77^a****, ^b****

Notes: Values are presented as Mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean). Statistical significance denoted by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001; ^aCompared to NC, ^bCompared to CQ25mg/kg.

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine diphosphate; NC, negative control.

Table 3 Effect of A. polystachyus on the Body Weights, PCV, and Temperature of P. berghei Infected Mice in the 4-Day Suppressive Test

Group	Temperature			Wight			Packed Cell Volume
	D0	D4	% Change	D0	D4	% Change	D0	D4	% Change
NC	36.02±0.97	34.66±0.56	3.75±0.77	31.02±1.45	28.78±1,21	7.14±0.73	56.20±1.44	52.40±1.03	6.74±2.01
25mg/kg CQ	36.20±1.03	36.06±1.00	0.37±1.03^a***	30.32±0.97	29.98±0.34	1.18±1.00^a*	51.00±0.95	51.60±0.56	−1.28±1.31^a****
100g/kg	37.08±0.59	36.16±0.85	2.47±0.99^b*	30.54±1.02	29.28±0.98	4.20±0.59	52.80±1.32	51.20±1.60	2.94±0.98
200mg/kg	36.50±0.61	36.04±0.32	1.27±0.57^a*	24.74±0.54	23.68±0.58	4.53±0.32	56.80±0.88	55.60±0.89	2.10±0.49^a*
400mg/kg	35.72±0.39	35.76±0.44	−0.13±0.81^a***	26.28±0.77	25.66±0.36	2.45±0.51^a*	56.00±0.64	54.80±1.22	2.10±0.76^a*

Notes: Values are presented as Mean ± SD (Standard Deviation). Statistical significance as compared to treatment control denoted by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001; ^aCompared to NC ^bCompared to CQ.

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine diphosphate; NC, normal control; D0, a day infection initiated; D4, 5^th day of infection.

Table 4 Effect of A. polystachyus Crude Extract on Percentage Parasitemia and Survival Time of P. berghei Infected Mice in Rane’s Test

Group	% Parasitemia (±SEM)					% Suppression	MST
	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7
NC	20.60±1.32	25.80±0.56	33.20±0.43	39.80±1.54	47.40±1.23	–	6.80±0.98
25mg/kg CQ	21.20±0.870.77	13.40±1.32^a****	6.20±1.09^a****	2.00±0.87^a****	0.00±0.34^a****, ^b****	100	30.00±0.00^a****
100g/kg	21.20±1.21	22.60±0.98^b****	25.20±0.88^a****, ^b****	27.00±0.96^a****, ^b****	31.40±0.88^a****, ^b****	33.76	8.60±1.23^b****
200mg/kg	22.00±0.73	21.20±1.11^a**, ^b****	22.60±0.53^a****, ^b****	24.60±1.23^a****, ^b****	28.80±0.59^a****, ^b****	39.24	10.00±0.88^a***, ^b****
400mg/kg	21.20±0.59	20.60±0.53^a**, ^b***	22.00±0.66^a****, ^b****	20.40±0.74^a****, ^b****	22.00±0.91^a****, ^b****	53.59	12.40±1.43^a****, ^b****

Notes: Values are presented as Mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean). Statistical significance denoted by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001; ^aCompared to NC, ^bCompared to CQ25mg/kg.

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine diphosphate; NC, negative control.

Table 5 Effect of A. polystachyus Crude Extract on the Body Weights, PCV, and Temperature of P. berghei Infected Mice in Rane’s Test

Group	Temperature			Wight			Packed Cell Volume
	D3	D7	% Change	D3	D7	% Change	D3	D7	% Change
NC	37.20±0.21	35.66±0.86	4.13±0.76	26.20±0.76	24.20±0.66	7.74±1.34	56.60±	47.80±	−15.52±1.32
25mg/kg CQ	37.00±0.66	36.96±0.10	0.08±0.32^a***	27.64±0.54	27.72±1.41	−0.43±0.78^a****	55.00±	53.60±	−2.45±1.44^a****
100g/kg	36.46±0.25	35.52±0.34	2.57±0.92^b*	27.26±0.82	25.94±0.98	4.89±0.77^b**	55.80±	52.60±	−5.75±0.98^a****
200mg/kg	36.62±0.54	36.00±0.76	1.69±1.01^a*	27.22±1.22	26.46±1.11	2.79±0.92^a**	57.00±	54.40±	−4.55±1.09^a****
400mg/kg	36.74±0.88	36.46±0.34	0.76±0.47^a**	26.46±1.01	26.48±0.49	−0.15±0.62^a****	55.60±	54.00±	−2.84±0.79^a****

Notes: Values are presented as Mean ± SD (Standard Deviation). Statistical significance as compared to treatment control denoted by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001; ^aCompared to NC; ^bCompared to CQ.

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine diphosphate; NC, normal control; D0, a day infection initiated; D4, 5^th day of infection.

Table 6 Effect of A. polystachyus on Percentage Parasitemia and Survival Time of P. berghei Infected Mice in the Prophylactic Test

Group	% Parasitemia	% Suppression	Survival Time (Days)
NC	40.80±2.71	–	6.60±0.51
25mg/kg CQ	0.00±0.00^a****	100	30.00±0.00^a****
100g/kg	30.60±1.60^a**, ^b****	25	8.80±0.37^b****
200mg/kg	27.40±1.21^a****, ^b****	32.84	10.60±0.68^a***, ^b****
400mg/kg	20.40±1.25^a****, ^b****	50	12.80±0.86^a****, ^b****

Notes: Values are presented as Mean ± SEM (Standard Error Mean). Statistical significance denoted by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001; ^aCompared to NC; ^bCompared to CQ25mg/kg.

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine diphosphate; NC, negative control.

Table 7 Effect of A. polystachyus Crude Extract on the Body Weights, PCV, and Temperature of P. berghei Infected Mice in the Prophylactic Test

Group	Temperature			Wight			Packed Cell Volume
	D0	D4	% Change	D0	D4	% Change	D0	D4	% Change
NS	36.60±0.48	34.06±0.52	−6.88±1.77	29.80±1.18	26.88±0.93	−9.55±1.89	57.60±0.87	48.00±1.23	16.63±0.76
25mg/kg CQ	36.08±0.41	36.48±0.33	1.14±1.13^a****	28.80±0.83	28.99±0.86	0.66±0.67^a****	55.60±1.86	55.40±0.98	0.24±0.31^a****
100mg/kg	36.14±0.22	35.24±0.27	−2.49±0.46	29.36±0.42	28.10±0.45	−4.28±0.82^a*, ^b*	57.20±1.28	54.60±0.59	4.53±0.97^a**
200mg/kg	36.48±0.44	35.58±0.48	−2.46±0.77	31.48±0.96	30.66±0.80	−2.54±0.52^a***	54.80±1.77	53.80±1.32	1.76±1.32^a****
400mg/kg	36.02±0.38	35.68±0.59	−0.96±0.92^a**	30.78±1.75	30.40±1.34	−1.31±0.82^a****	55.60±1.07	55.20±0.98	0.74±1.04^a****

Notes: Values are presented as Mean ± SD (Standard Deviation). Statistical significance as compared to treatment control denoted by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001; ^aCompared to NC; ^bCompared to CQ.

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine diphosphate; NC, normal control; D0, a day infection initiated; D4, 5th day of infection.