Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of Ethanol Extracts of the Leaves of Three Plant Species Collected from Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve, Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Percentage Yield of Ethanol Crude Extracts of the Leaves of C. macrostachyus, R. chalepensis, and V. amygdalina

Plant Species	Dry Powder (g)	Solvent Volume (mL)	Ratio (w/v)	Yield (g)	Yield (%)
R. chalepensis	80	1000	1:12	17.76	22.2
C. macrostachyus	80	1000	1:12	11.20	14
V. amygdalina	80	1000	1:12	12.08	15.1

Table 2 Acute Toxic Manifestation Seen After Administration of Ethanol Extracts of C. macrostachyus, R. chalepensis and V. amygdalina in Female Mice

Response	Extract Treatment (mg/kg)
	C. macrostachyus				R. chalepensis				V. amygdalina
	500	1000	2000	3000	500	1000	2000	3000	500	1000	2000	3000
Hair erection	A	A	P	P	A	A	P	P	A	A	A	P
Lacrimation	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	P	A	A	P	P
Decreased activity	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	P	A	A	A	P
Decreased appetite	A	P	P	P	A	A	P	P	A	P	P	P
Depression	A	P	P	P	A	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
Mortality	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A

Abbreviations: A, absent; P, present.

Table 3 In vivo Antimalarial Suppressive Effect of Ethanol Crude Extracts of C. macrostachyus, R. chalepensis and V. amygdalina in Mice

Treatments	Dose (mg/kg)	% Parasitemia	% Suppression	P-value
DMSO (5%)	0.2 mL	46.53±1.23	0.00	–
V. amygdalina	400	25.47±0.61	45.26	0.74
	600	21.84±0.74	53.06	0.81
	800	17.94±0.31	61.44	0.18
R. chalepensis	400	25.17±0.94	45.90	0.78
	600	23.26±0.59	50.01	0.85
	800	20.14±0.28	56.72	0.63
C. macrostachyus	400	24.51±0.37	47.32	0.32
	600	20.43±0.25	56.10	0.04
	800	18.94±0.32	59.30	0.10
CQ	25	0.00±0.00	100.00	<0.01

Abbreviations: CQ, chloroquine; ND, not done; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Table 4 Survival Time of Crude Ethanol Extracts of C. macrostachyus, R. chalepensis and V. amygdalina Treated P. berghei Infected Mice

Treatments	Dose (mg/kg)	% Suppression	Survival Time/day	P-value
DMSO (5%)	0.2 mL	0.00	6.20±0.85	–
V. amygdalina	400	45.26	9.20±0.58	0.66
	600	53.06	11.4±1.12	0.32
	800	61.44	14.60±0.68	0.19
R. chalepensis	400	45.90	7.00±0.32	0.39
	600	50.01	9.00±0.84	0.02
	800	56.72	10.60±0.68	0.19
C. macrostachyus	400	47.32	9.80±0.58	0.66
	600	56.10	10.60±0.68	0.19
	800	59.30	12.40±0.68	0.19
CQ	25	100.00	ND	ND

Table 5 Secondary Metabolites Identified from the Ethanol Crude Extracts of C. macrostachyus, R. chalepensis and V. amygdalina

Phytochemicals	Results
	C. macrostachyus	R. chalepensis	V. amygdalina
Alkaloids	+	+	+
Flavonoids	+	–	+
Cardiac glycosides	+	+	–
Phenols	–	+	+
Saponins	+	–	+
Steroids	+	+	–
Tannins	+	+	+
Terpenoids	+	+	+