Hepatitis B And Hepatitis C Viral Infections And Associated Factors Among Patients With Diabetes Visiting Gondar Referral Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics Of Participants With Diabetes And Non-Diabetes Investigated For Burden Of HBV And HCV In University Of Gondar Referral Teaching Hospital (October 2016–February 2017)

Socio-Demographic Characteristics		No. (%)
		Diabetes	Non-Diabetes
Age (years)	≤35	110(36.1)	128(42.0)
	36–45	123(40.3)	133(43.6)
	46–55	72(23.6)	44(14.4)
Sex	Male	172(56.4)	182(59.7)
	Female	133(43.6)	123(40.3)
Residence	Rural	74(24.3)	38(12.5)
	Urban	231(75.7)	267(87.5)
Occupation	Self-employed	85(27.9)	75(24.6)
	Driver	23(7.5)	20(6.6)
	House Wife	87(28.5)	18(5.9)
	Student	19(6.2)	20(6.6)
	Farmer	48(15.7)	6(2.0)
	Civil servant	43(14.1)	166(54.4)
Religion	Orthodox	281(92.1)	261(85.6)
	Muslim	20(6.6)	44(14.4)
	Others	4(1.3)	0(0.0)
Ethnicity	Amhara	284(93.1)	294(96.4)
	Others*	21(6.9)	11(3.6)
Educational status	Illiterate	99(32.5)	10(3.3)
	Read and write	24(7.9)	18(5.9)
	Primary and High school	147(48)	135(44.2)
	College/university	35(11.5)	142(46.6)
	Total	305(100)	305(100)

Note: *Oromo and Tigray.

Table 2 Burden Of Hepatitis B And Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Diabetes And Control Groups At University Of Gondar Referral Teaching Hospital (October 2016–February 2017)

Variables		Diabetic Patients	Non-Diabetic Subjects	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
HBsAg	Positive	26(8.5%)	14(4.6%)	1.94(0.99–3.79)	1.96(0.96, 4.02)	0.06
	Negative	279(91.5%)	291(95.4%)
Anti-HCV	Positive	23(7.5%)	7(2.3%)	3.47(1.47–8.23)	3.56(1.46, 8.68)	<0.001*
	Negative	282(93.8%)	298(97.7%)

Note: *Statistically significant association (p-value less than 0.05), p-value is for AOR.

Table 3 Bi-Variable Analysis Of Factors For HBsAg Sero-Positivity Among Diabetes Patients At University Of Gondar Referral Teaching Hospital (October 2016–February 2017)

Clinical And Diabetic Characteristics		HBsAg (−) N (%)	HBsAg (+) N (%)	COR (95% CI)	P-value
History of STD/STI	Yes	13(4.7)	2(7.7)	1.70(0.36,8.00)	0.49
	No	266(95.3)	24(92.3)	1.00
Multiple sexual partner	Yes	23(8.2)	5(19.2)	2.65(0.91,7.68)	0.07
	No	256(91.8)	21(80.8)	1.00
History of blood transfusion	Yes	25(9.0)	6(23.1)	3.05(1.12,8.29)	0.03*
	No	254(91.0)	20(76.9)	1.00
Abortion**	Yes	25(20.5)	3(27.3)	1.45(0.36,5.89)	0.60
	No	97(79.5)	8(72.7)	1.00
Dental extraction at health facility	Yes	59(21.1)	7(26.9)	1.37(0.55,3.42)	0.49
	No	220(78.9)	19(73.1)	1.00
Circumcision	Yes	191(68.5)	22(84.6)	2.53(0.85,7.57)	0.09
	No	88(31.5)	4(15.4)	1.00
Hospital admission	Yes	206(73.8)	18(69.2)	0.80(0.33,1.91)	0.61
	No	73(26.2)	8(30.8)	1.00
Surgical procedure	Yes	55(19.7)	7(26.9)	1.50(0.60,3.74)	0.38
	No	224(80.3)	19(73.1)	1.00
Venous or body piercing	Yes	107(38.4)	10(38.5)	1.00(0.44,2.30)	0.99
	No	172(61.6)	16(61.5)	1.00
Delivery by TBA**	Yes	35(28.7)	4(36.4)	1.42(0.39,5.16)	0.59
	No	87(71.3)	7(63.6)	1.00
Ear piercing	Yes	83(29.7)	11(42.3)	1.73(0.76,3.93)	0.18
	No	196(70.3)	15(57.7)	1.00
Uvulectomy	Yes	143(51.3)	11(42.3)	0.70(0.31,1.57)	0.38
	No	136(48.7)	15(57.7)	1.00
Tattooing on body	Yes	46(16.5)	7(26.9)	1.87(0.74,4.70)	0.19
	No	233(83.5)	19(73.1)	1.00
Tattooing on gum	Yes	25(9.0)	4(15.4)	1.85(0.59,5.79)	0.29
	No	254(91.0)	22(84.6)	1.00
Shaving	Yes	119(42.7)	12(46.2)	1.15(0.51,2.58)	0.73
	No	160(57.3)	14(53.8)	1.00
Contact with jaundiced patient	Yes	36(12.9)	6(23.1)	2.02(0.76,5.38)	0.15
	No	243(87.1)	20(76.9)	1.00
Frequent alcohol consumption	Yes	100(35.8)	12(46.2)	1.534(0.68,3.44)	0.30
	No	179(64.2)	14(53.8)	1.00
Unprotected sex	Yes	45(16.1)	9(34.6)	2.75(1.15,6.56)	0.02*
	No	234(83.9)	17(65.4)	1.00
Type of diabetes	Type I	150(53.8)	15(57.7)	1.17(0.52,2.64)	0.70
	Type II	129(46.2)	11(42.3)	1.00
Any confirmed diseases other than diabetes	Yes	59(21.1)	3(11.5)	0.49(0.14,1.68)	0.25
	No	220(78.9)	23(88.5)	1.00
Duration of disease(year)	<5	151(54.1)	11(42.3)	1.52(0.54,4.32)	0.42
	6–10	74(26.5)	9(34.6)	0.91(0.31,2.72)	0.87
	>11	54(19.4)	6(23.1)	1.00
Treatment type	Oral	94(33.7)	4(15.4)	1.00
	Injection	185(66.3)	22(84.6)	2.80(0.94,8.34)	0.66
	Total	279(91.5%)	26(8.5%)

Notes: *Statistically significant association (p-value less than 0.05), **= concerning female.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratios; CI, Confidence Interval.

Table 4 Multi-Variable Analysis Of Factors For HBsAg Sero-Positivity Among Diabetes Patients At University Of Gondar Referral Teaching Hospital (October 2016–February 2017)

Clinical And Diabetic Characteristics		HBsAg (−) N (%)	HBsAg (+) N (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
History of blood transfusion	Yes	25(9.0)	6(23.1)	3.05(1.12,8.29)	4.15(1.36,12.71)	0.01*
	No	254(91.0)	20(76.9)	1.00
Circumcision	Yes	191(68.5)	22(84.6)	2.53(0.85,7.57)	4.58(1.26,16.66)	0.02*
	No	88(31.5)	4(15.4)	1.00
Unprotected sex	Yes	45(16.1)	9(34.6)	2.75(1.15,6.56)	3.56(1.25,10.15)	0.01*
	No	234(83.9)	17(65.4)	1.00

Note: *Statistically significant association (p-value less than 0.05).

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratios; AOR, adjusted odds ratios; CI, Confidence Interval.

Table 5 Multi-Variable Analysis Of Factors For Anti-HCV Sero-Positivity Among Diabetes Patients At University Of Gondar Referral Teaching Hospital (October 2016–February 2017)

Clinical And Diabetic Characteristics		Anti-HCV (−) N (%)	Anti-HCV (+) N (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Type of diabetes	Type I	160(56.7)	5(21.7)	1.00
	Type II	122(43.3)	18(78.3)	4.72(1.70,13.07)	3.69(1.25,10.89)	0.02*
Ear piercing	Yes	91(32.3)	3(13.0)	0.32(0.09, 1.09)	0.53(0.14,2.10)	0.37
	No	191(67.7)	20(87.0)	1.00
Shaving	Yes	117(41.5)	14(60.9)	2.19(0.92,5.24)	1.66(0.61,4.54)	0.33
	No	165(58.5)	9(39.1)	1.00
Unprotected sex	Yes	47(16.7)	7(30.4)	2.19(0.85,5.61)	1.03(0.36,2.95)	0.96
	No	235(83.3)	16(69.6)	1.00
Late diabetic complications	Yes	145(50.7)	16(69.6)	2.25(0.90,5.64)	1.47(0.54,3.96)	0.45
	No	141(49.3)	7(30.4)	1.00

Note: *Statistically significant association (p-value less than 0.05), p-value is for AOR.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratios; AOR, adjusted odds ratios; CI, Confidence Interval.

Availability Of Data And Material

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.