An Overview of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment After Radical Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Figures & data

Table 1 Traditional Chinese Prescriptions for HCC Treatment and Prevention of Recurrence

Prescription	Active Ingredients Identified by HPLC-MS/MS	Effect	Signaling Pathway	References
Fuzheng Jiedu Xiaoji formulation	Ormononetin, chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeic acid, luteolin, gallic acid, diosgenin, ergosterol endoperoxide, and lupeol	Inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression	AKT/CyclinD1/p21/p27	Yang X. et al^Citation39
Compound kushen injection	Matrine	Regulate macrophages in the immune microenvironment	TNFR1/NF-κB and MAPK axis	Yang et al^Citation40
Huanglian Jiedu Decoction	Geniposide, berberine and baicalin et al	Suppressed growth and angiogenesis	AMPK signaling	Wang N et al^Citation41
Gehua Jiecheng Decoction	New hesperidin; Puerarin; Genistein glycoside; Puerarin-4′-O-glucoside et al	Antagonized the immunosuppressive; anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis effects	WNT1, β-catenin, NF-kB, p-MAPK, p-AKT, and p-SRC	Cheng C et al^Citation42
Qizhu decoction	P. cuspidatum and P. urinaria, such as corilagin, polydatin, resveratrol, quercetin, emodin, and rutin	Inhibit hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma	Suppressing NF-κB signaling	Wan LF et al^Citation43
Zuo-Jin-Wan	Berberine and evodiamine	Orthotopic HepG2 xenograft immunocompetent mice	c-myc	Chou ST et al^Citation44
Jiedu Recipe	–	Inhibits the Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Smad2/3Pathways	Liang S et al^Citation45
Huqizhengxiao (HQZX) Decoction	–	Inhibition of Telomerase Activity in Nude Mice of Hepatocarcinoma Xenograft	STAT3 and ERK signal pathway.	Yu X et al^Citation46
Yin Yang Gong Ji pill (YYGJ)	Cinnamaldehyde, 6-gingerol, evodiamine, aconitine, isorhamnetin, and syringaldehyde	Inhibited HepG2 and MHCC97H cell proliferation	MMP2 and E-cadherin	Li, Yongwei et al^Citation47
Bear Bile Powder	–	Inhibits Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma	STAT3 Signaling Pathway	Chen HW et al^Citation48
Phyllanthus urinaria L. (CP)	Gallic Acid, Calycosin-7-glucoside and Luteolin	Suppressing metastasis of HBV-associated HCC	Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin axis	Huang D et al^Citation22
Pien Tze Huang (PZH)	Ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rd, and muscone	Anti-inflammation and induction of G2/M arrest	NF-κB, TNFR1, TNFR2, P53, and IL-6 pathways	Fan D et al^Citation49
Aidi injection	Viz. cantharidin, syringin, calycosin-7-o-β-Dglucoside, isozinpidine, ginsenosides Rd, Rc, Rb1, Re, and Rg1, astragalosides II and IV, and eleutheroside E.	Inhibited the proliferation of HepG2	PI3K/Akt and MAPK signal transduction pathways	Lan HY et al^Citation50
Huxie Huaji (HXHJ) Ointment	Succinic acid, Caffeic acid, 3-Caffeoylquinic acid, et al	Cell mitochondrial apoptosis	p53/Bcl-2/Cyt-C/caspase-3 signaling pathway	Cai Y et al^Citation51
Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC)	Resveratrol, quercetin, et al	Antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory	Akt/mTOR, and NF-kB signaling pathways.	Xia J et al^Citation52
Huanglian decoction	Berberine hydrochloride	Inhibit HCC cell growth	p53 signaling pathway	Li M et al^Citation53
Fuzheng Xiaozheng prescription (FZXZP)	445 compounds	Anti-inflammation and promoting the lipid related metabolisms	PPAR signaling pathway	Li X et al^Citation54
Gansui-Banxia Decoction (GSBXD)	–	Exhibited antitumor immune activity	AKT/STAT3/ERK signaling pathway	Feng XY et al^Citation55
Fuzheng Qingjie Granules	Vanillic acid, Mairin, alexandrin, et al	Egulating immune function and inducing mitochondria mediated apoptosis.	Caspase	Chen X et al^Citation56
Yanggan Huayu granule	Stigmasterol, campesterol, demethoxycurcumin, et al	Apoptosis	AKT	Shen Y et al^Citation57
Yanggan Jiedu Sanjie (YGJDSJ) formula	β-elemene	Inhibited cell proliferation	CDKN1a/CDKN2a-RB signalling	Hu B et al^Citation58
Dahuang Zhechong Pill	–	Regulating Energy Metabolism	PARP	Wu L et al^Citation59

Table 2 Traditional Chinese Herbs and Their Active Ingredients for HCC Treatment and Prevention of Recurrence

Active ingredients of Chinese Medicine	Source of Chinese Medicine	Signaling Pathway	Effect	References
Ginsenoside Rg3, Actinidia Chinensis Planch Root extract, Cordycepin, Rheum palmatum extract, Cinobufacini, Euphorbia factor L2	Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey., Zanthoxylum avicennae (Ying Bu Bo, YBB), Actinidia Chinensis Planch Root, Cordyceps, Radix Rhei Et Rhizome, Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, Huaier, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.	ARHGAP9, GSK-3β, DLX2/TARBP2/JNK/AKT, NF-κB p, JAK2/STAT3, c-Met/ERK, Decreased Yes-Associated Protein 1, AKT/STAT3signaling pathway	Inhibited the migration and invasion of tumor cells	Sun MY et al, Wu HC et al, Tan ZB et al^Citation16,Citation60,Citation61
Norcantharidin (NCTD) and Coix lacryma-jobi seed oil (CLSO), Dendrobium candidum extract (DCE), Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761	Coicis Semen and Mylabris, Dendrobium candidum, Ginkgo Folium	FoxP 3, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB/p53	Apoptosis and inhibits tumor cell proliferation	Wang D et al, Guo Z et al, Wang R et al^Citation62–64
Dulcitol, magnolol, Gigantol, Prunella vulgaris total flavonoids	Euonymus alatus, Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) R., Magnolia Officinalis Rehd Et Wils, Dendrobium nobile Lindl, Prunella vulgaris	MMPs, SIRT1/p53, caspase-7, ERK/NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways.	Inhibited tumor cells proliferation	Lin XL et al, Yuan P et al, Tsai JJ et al Song YG et al^Citation65–68
Sennoside A (SA), Salidroside (SDS), Matrine	Rheum officinale Baill., Rhodiola rosea L., Radix Sophora flavescens	Wnt, TNF, VEGF and NF-κB, Notch1, MMP9, signaling pathway	Inhibit HCC metastasis	Le J et al, Lu L et al, Zhang J et al^Citation69–71
Echinacoside (ECH), arctigenin, Tanshinone IIA (TanIIA); Cryptotanshinone (CPT) and dihydrotanshinone (DHT), Curcumenol and laminarin, Chinese dragon’s blood EtOAc extract (CDBEE)	Cistanches Herba, Burdock (Arctium lappa), Salvia miltiorrhiza, Curcumae longae Rhizoma and kelp, Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. C. Chen	PI3K/AKT, PPAR-a, TGF-β; EGFR, TGF-β/Smad3 signaling	Against liver cancer growth	Ye Y et al, Sun Y et al, Ma L et al^Citation72,Citation73,Citation120
Quercetin	Artemisiae Scopariae Herba	BIRC 5	Immunotherapy	Mo Z et al,^Citation75
Luteolin, Aconitine, otal Flavonoids from Oroxylum indicum, Flavonoids, Psoralidin	Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Perilla Frutescens, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, seeds of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent., Dendrobium denneaum paxt., Psoralea corylifolia Linn.	bcl-2, PI3K/Akt/PTEN Signaling Pathway; Caspase-3/P53	Apoptosis	Qi X et al, Li NN et al^Citation76,Citation77
Tetramethylpyrazine, Digitoxin, Total alkaloids of Rubus alceifolius Poir; Arabinogalactan, Aloperine	Ligusticum chuanxiong hort, Saffron, Digitalis, Rubus alceifolius Poir, Lycii Fructus, Sophora alopecuroides L.	p53, Bax, caspase-3, MAPK, Notch and STAT3 Signaling Pathway	Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis	Bi L et al, Liu T et al, Lei Y et al^Citation78–80
Alkaloids of Coptidis rhizome; Berberine	Coptidis rhizome	Increased the phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2); NF-κB	Suppression of vascular endothelial growth; apoptosis	Tan HY et al, Li M et al^Citation53,Citation81
Andrographolide	Andrographis Herba	VEGFA	Inhibit Vascular endothelial growth	Shi L et al^Citation82
Astragali Polysaccharide and Curcumin	Huangqin Scutellariae Radix and Curcumae longae Rhizoma	CD31 and NG2	Tumor Vascular Normalization	Tang D et al^Citation83
Curcumin	Curcumae longae Rhizoma	ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway; glypican-3/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	Suppressed EMT and blocked G2/M phase progression; autophagy	Qu J et al, Tian S et al, Hu P et al^Citation84–86
Dioscin	Rhizoma Dioscoreae	TP53, BAX, BCL2 and CASP3	Apoptosis and increased DNA damage	Zhang G et al^Citation87
H1, a derivative of tetrandrine	Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix	STAT3/MCL-1 and PUMA	Enhances the efficacy of 5-FU in Bel7402/5-FU cells	Li F et al^Citation88
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide	Ganoderma	Akt signaling pathway	Enhances radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell	Yu Y et al^Citation89
Saikosaponin-d	Radix Bupleuri	LC3-II; SUMO1 and GLI proteins	Autophagy; Enhances Chemosensitivity	Tian YD et al, Zhang CY et al^Citation90,Citation91
Cytisine	Small tree Sophora Alopecuraides L.	CHOP and p-JNK1/2	Endoplasmic reticulum stress	Yu L et al^Citation92
1β-hydroxyl-arenobufagin (1β-OH-ABF); Bufalin	Chansu	mTOR signaling; β-catenin/TCF signaling	Mitochondrial apoptosis	Deng LJ et al, Yu Z et al^Citation93,Citation94
Scutellarin	Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand. -Mazz.	JAK/STAT signalling pathway	Inhibition of the EMT process	Liu K et al^Citation95
Ginsenoside Rg1	Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey.	Nrf2 signaling pathway	Antioxidant activities	Gao Y et al^Citation96
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. extracts (COE)	Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.	mTOR signal pathway.	Antineoplastic	Qian YY et al^Citation97
Platycodin D	Platycodon grandiflorus (PG)	ERK1/2-mediated cofilin-1 phosphorylation	Reverses histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance	Hsu WC et al^Citation98

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