Untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt: outcome and prognostic factors

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 288 untreated HCC patients followed to death

Characteristic	Number (%)
Demographics
Age (years) (mean ± SD)	59.9±11.0
Sex
Male	245 (85.1)
Female	43 (14.9)
Residence
Rural	202 (70.1)
Urban	86 (29.9)
Occupation
Farmer	118 (41.0)
Unemployed	91 (31.6)
Employee	38 (13.2)
Housewife	41 (14.2)
Risk factors
Smoking	229
No	82 (35.8)
Yes	147 (64.2)
Hepatitis	48
Positive	38 (79.2)
Negative	10 (20.8)
Known hepatitis	38
C	27 (71.1)
B	3 (7.9)
C and B	8 (21.1)
Cirrhosis
Yes	237 (82.3)
No	51 (17.7)
Clinical presentations
Fatigue
No	13 (4.5)
Yes	275 (95.5)
Cough
No	212 (73.6)
Yes	76 (26.4)
Ascites
No	37 (12.8)
Yes	251 (87.2)
Encephalopathy
No	251 (87.2)
Yes	37 (12.8)
Child-Pugh class
A	22 (7.6)
B	236 (81.9)
C	30 (10.4)

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TCC, Tanta Cancer Center; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Tumor and pathological characteristics of 288 untreated HCC at TCC

Characteristic	Number (%)
Liver lobe site	263
Right	126 (47.9)
Left	45 (17.1)
Multiple	92 (35.0)
No of lesions
Single	133 (46.2)
Multiple	155 (53.8)
Histologic grade	114
Low (1–2)	92 (80.7)
High (3–4)	22 (19.3)
Tumor size	238
Median (range)	6.0 (1.5–15.0)
≤5 cm	81 (34.0)
>5 cm	157 (66.0)
T stage	256
1	2 (0.8)
2	4 (1.6)
3	147 (57.4)
4	103 (40.2)
N stage	280
0	261 (93.2)
1	19 (6.8)
M stage	285
0	181 (63.5)
1	104 (36.5)
TNM staging	268
I	2 (0.7)
II	2 (0.7)
III	160 (59.7)
IV	104 (38.8)
Sites of metastases	104
Bone	48 (46.2)
Lung	27 (26)
Non-regional LN	26 (25)
Suprarenal	3 (2.9)

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TCC, Tanta Cancer Center; T, tumor; N, regional lymph node; M, metastases.

Figure 1 Overall survival in 288 untreated hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Table 3 Univariate analyses of factors affecting overall survival in untreated HCC

Variable	No	6 months OSR (SE)	12 months OSR (SE)	P-value
Age
<59 years	138	21.7 (3.5)	8.0 (2.3)
≥59 years	150	19.3 (3.2)	10.0 (2.4)	0.872
Sex
Male	245	18.4 (2.5)	7.3 (1.7)
Female	43	32.6 (7.1)	18.6 (5.9)	0.024
Residence
Village	202	20.8 (2.9)	8.4 (2.0)
Town	86	19.8 (4.3)	10.5 (3.3)	0.962
Smoking
No	82	22.0 (4.6)	12.2 (3.6)
Yes	147	17.7 (3.1)	6.1 (2.0)	0.097
Cough
No	212	26.4 (3.0)	11.8 (2.2)
Yes	76	3.9 (2.2)	1.3 (1.3)	<0.001
Ascites
No	37	70.3 (7.5)	45.9 (8.2)
Yes	251	13.1 (2.1)	3.6 (1.2)	<0.001
Fatigue
No	13	53.8 (13.8)	30.8 (12.8)
Yes	275	18.9 (2.4)	7.6 (1.6)	0.005
Child-Pugh
A	22	50.0 (10.7)	36.4 (10.3)
B	236	20.3 (2.6)	7.6 (1.7)
C	30	0 (0)	0 (0)	<0.001
Child-Pugh
A	22	50.0 (10.7)	36.4 (10.3)
B + C	266	18.0 (2.4)	6.8 (1.5)	<0.001
AFP
<400	61	14.8 (4.5)	6.6 (3.2)
>400	77	10.4 (3.5)	5.2 (2.5)	0.057
Lesion numbers
Single	133	16.5 (3.2)	8.3 (2.4)
Multiple	155	23.9 (3.4)	9.7 (2.4)	0.286
Metastases
No	184	23.4 (3.1)	11.4 (2.3)
Yes	104	15.4 (3.2)	4.8 (2.1)	0.018

Note: Bold values indicate significant values.

Abbreviations: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; OSR, overall survival rate; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SE, standard error.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of factors affecting overall survival in untreated HCC

	HR	CILB	CIUB	P-value
Sex (male vs female)	1.234	0.845	1.800	0.276
Child-Pugh class (B + C vs A)	1.999	1.064	3.753	0.031
Tumor size (<5 cm vs >5 cm)	0.803	0.602	1.072	0.136
Metastasis (Yes vs no)	1.230	0.927	1.633	0.151
Cough (Yes vs no)	2.294	1.678	3.137	<0.001
Fatigue (Yes vs no)	1.124	0.446	2.829	0.805
Ascites (Yes vs no)	2.912	1.596	5.312	<0.001

Note: Bold values indicate significant values.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; CIUB, upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval; CILB, lower boundary of the 95% confidence interval; vs, versus.