The Effect of Leadership Style on Midwives’ Performance, Southwest, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Reliability Test for the Questioner to Determine the Effects of Leadership Style Midwives’ Performance, May/2022

Item Category	Cronbach’s Alpha Test	Number of Items
Autocratic style of leadership	0.898	5
Democratic style of leadership	0.74	5
Laissez faire style leadership	0.85	8
Midwives’ performance	0.901	13

Table 2 Background Information of Midwives Working in Public Health Institutions in Jimma Town, May/2022

Characteristics	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Female	65	53.7
	Male	56	46.3
Age	20–25	21	17.4
	26–30	70	57.9
	31–35	19	15.7
	≥36	11	9.1
Marital status	Married	82	67.8
	Single	39	32.2
Level of education	Diploma	4	3.3
	First degree	117	96.7
Year of experience	1–5	78	64.5
	≥5	43	35.5
Working department/unit	Delivery ward	38	31.4
	Maternity ward	51	42.1
	Maternal intensive care unit	6	5.0
	Prenatal visit unit	9	7.4
	High risk ward	4	3.3
	Gynecologic ward	13	10.7
Years of Education	3 Years	4	3.3
	4Years	117	96.7
Working institution	Hospital	102	84.3
	Health center	19	15.7
Monthly salary (Ethiopian Birr)	≤4000 ETB	2	1.7
	4000–5000 ETB	3	2.5
	5000–6000 ETB	27	22.3
	>6000 ETB	89	73.6
Family arrangement	Living with family	35	28.9
	Living far from the family	86	71.1

Table 3 Autocratic Leadership Style Among Midwifery Leaders Working Jimma Town, May /2022

Items	Strongly Disagree (1)	Disagree (2)	Neutral (3)	Agree (4)	Strongly Agree (5)	Mean	St.d
My manager believes midwives need to be supervised closely, or they are not likely to do their work	29 (24.0)	26 (21.5)	20 (16.5)	30 (24.8)	16 (13.2)	2.82	1.39
Usually my supervisor believes that midwives must be given rewards or punishments in order to motivate them to achieve organizational objectives	30 (24.8)	30 (24.8)	9 (7.4)	34 (28.1)	18 (14.9)	2.83	1.451
My manager believes most midwives feel insecure about their work and need direction.	21 (17.4)	34 (28.1)	16 (13.2)	29 (24.0)	21 (17.4)	2.96	1.387
My manager believes the leader is the chief judge of the achievements of the members	17 (14.0)	36 (29.8)	17 (14.0)	30 (24.8)	21 (17.4)	3.02	1.348
My manager believes effective leaders give orders and clarify procedures	17 (14.0)	19 (15.7)	17 (14.0)	41 (33.9)	27 (22.3)	3.35	1.358
An overall mean and standard deviation						2.996	1.39

Table 4 Democratic Leadership Style Among Midwifery Managers Working in Jimma Town, May/22

items	Strongly Disagree (1)	Disagree (2)	Neutral (3)	Agree (4)	Strongly Agree (5)	Mean	St.d
The midwifery manager consults with midwives when facing a problem	26 (21.5)	24 (19.8)	11 (9.1)	39 (32.2)	39 (32.2)	3.04	1.45
The midwifery manager listens receptively to midwives’ ideas and suggestions	34 (28.1)	28 (23.1)	11 (9.1)	36 (29.8)	12 (9.9)	2.70	1.41
The midwifery manager act without consulting midwives (reversed scored)	48 (39.7)	20 (16.5)	7(5.8)	34 (28.1)	10 (8.3)	2.56	1.33
The midwifery manager asks for from midwives concerning how to carry out assignments	48 (39.7)	20 (16.5)	7(5.8)	34 (28.1)	12 (9.9)	2.52	1.49
The midwifery manager asks midwives for suggestions on what assignments should be made	39 (32.2)	29 (24.0)	30 (24.8)	19 (15.7)	4 (3.3)	2.34	2.34
The overall mean and standard deviation						2.632	1.6

Table 5 Lassie-Faire Leadership Style Among Midwifery Managers Working in Jimma Town, May/22

Items	Strongly Disagree (1)	Disagree (2)	Neutral (3)	Agree (4)	Strongly Agree (5)	Mean	St.d
When performance requirements designed, the supervisor relies only on his/her own judgment	21 (17.4)	48 (39.7)	37 (30.6)	15 (12.4)	–	2.38	0.92
My supervisor does not impose policies on me.	21 (17.4)	48 (39.7)	37 (30.6)	15 (12.4)	–	2.59	1.12
There is leadership freedom in my department.	15 (12.4)	44 (36.4)	37 (30.6)	16 (13.2)	9 (7.4)	2.67	1.09
My department performs without any leadership barriers or obstacle	23 (19.0)	39 (32.2)	31 (25.6)	21 (17.4)	7 (5.8)	2.59	1.15
I encourage others to do things on my way	22 (18.2)	38 (31.4)	30 (24.8)	25 (20.7)	6 (5.00)	2.63	1.15
The manager provide solution problems	22 (18.2)	43 (35.5)	37 (30.6)	13 (10.7)	6 (5.0)	2.49	1.07
Whenever I have a different point of view from that of my leader am not mistreated	21 (17.4)	48 (39.7)	37 (30.6)	15 (12.4)	–	2.38	0.92
My supervisor allows me to express my point of view openly	33 (27.3)	45 (37.2)	29 (24.0)	14 (11.6)	–	2.20	0.97
An overall mean and standard deviation						2.49	1.047

Table 6 Types of Leadership Style Practiced in Jimma Town Public Health Institutions, May/22

Category of Independent Variables	Pooled/Overall Mean	Standard Deviation
Autocratic leadership style	2.996	1.39
Democratic leadership style	2.632	1.6
Laissez-faire Leadership style	2.490	1.047

Table 7 The Relationship Between the Autocratic Leadership Style and Midwives’ Performance, May/22

Correlations
		Midwives’ Performance	Autocratic Leadership Style
Midwifery performance	Pearson Correlation	1	−0.352**
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.000
	N	121	121
Autocratic leadership style	Pearson Correlation	−0.352**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000
	N	121	121

Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 8 The Correlation Between Democratic Leadership Style and Midwives’ Performance May/22

Correlations
		Midwives’ Performance	Democratic Leadership Style
Midwives’ performance	Pearson Correlation	1	0.544**
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.000
	N	121	121
Democratic leadership style	Pearson Correlation	0.544**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000
	N	121	121

Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 9 The Correlation Between Laissez-Faire Leadership Style and Midwives’ Performance, May/22

Correlations
		Midwives’ Performance	Laissez–Faire Leadership Style
Midwives’ performance	Pearson Correlation	1	0.628**
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.000
	N	121	121
Laissez-faire leadership style	Pearson Correlation	0.628**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000
	N	121	121

Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 10 Summary of Correlation Between Leadership Styles and Midwives’ Performance May/22

Category	Items	Correlation Coefficient (r)	Sig. (2-Tailed) (p-value)	N
Independent variables	Autocratic leadership	−0.352**	0.000	121
	Democratic leadership style	0.544**	0.000	121
	Laissez-faire leadership	0.628**	0.000	121
Dependent variable	Midwives’ performance

Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 11 Model Summary Among Dependent and Independent Variable, May/22

Model Summary
Model	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Std. Error of the Estimate	Change Statistics
					R Square Change	F Change	df1	df2	Sig. F Change
1	0.667a	0.445	0.431	7.784	0.445	31.308	3	117	0.000

Notes: Predictors: (Constant): laissez- faire, Autocratic leadership style, Democratic leadership style. Dependent: midwives’ performance.

Table 12 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Midwives Performance, May/22

ANOVA
Model		Sum of Squares	Degree of Freedom	Mean Square	F	Significance
1	Regression	5691.589	3	1897.196	31.308	0.000
	Residual	7089.915	117	60.598
	Total	12,781.504	120

Notes: Dependent Variable: midwives’ performance. Predictors: (Constant), lassie- faire, Autocratic, Democratic leadership style.

Table 13 Multiple Linear Regression Between Leader Ship Style and Midwives’ Performance Result, May/22

Coefficients^’
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Significance
		B	Standard Error	Beta Coefficients
1		12.62	2.76		4.57	0.000
	Autocratic leadership style	−2.73	1.43	−0.13	−1.90	0.060
	Democratic leadership style	0.42	0.16	0.23	2.57	0.012
	Laissez–faire leadership style	0.78	0.15	0.46	5.12	0.000

Note: Dependent Variable: midwives’ performance.