Leadership Development Strategies in Interprofessional Healthcare Collaboration: A Rapid Review

Figures & data

Table 1 PIO-Format

Population	Intervention	Outcome
Speech- language pathology (SLP) Audiology (AUD) Occupational therapy (OT) Physiotherapy (PT) Nursing Medical/Physicians Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs)	Interprofessional practice Interprofessional education (IPE) Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) Education Interprofessional networking Interprofessional practice	Leadership characteristics Leadership skills Leadership strategies Leadership practice Leadership in crisis Leadership in health emergency Leadership advocacy

Table 2 Screening – Eligibility Criteria: Title and Abstract Level

Eligibility Criteria	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Date of publication	January 2000 - December 2022	<2000
Publication type	Only peer-reviewed literature	Grey literature
Language	Studies published in English	Studies not published in English
Study type	Studies that report on original results (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods)	Non-research papers (eg, tutorials, expert comments, or critical essays), systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Target population	Any of the following professions: SLP, audiology, HCP, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursing, medicine,	Does not focus on practitioners from the following professions, or focuses on clients or on family members
Intervention	Focuses on: interprofessional practice, interprofessional education, interprofessional collaboration, interprofessional networking, interprofessional practice	Papers that have a different focus
Outcome measures	Focuses on leadership with any of the following specific foci: leadership characteristics, leadership skills, leadership strategies, leadership practice, leadership in crisis/health emergency, advocacy in leadership	Does not focus on leadership development. Focuses on continuing professional development (CPD) with any other focus but leadership (eg, cleft, etc.). Undergraduate training (general)

Figure 1 PRISMA diagram for scoping review process.

Notes: Adapted from Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman, DG, and The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):1–6. Creative Commons.³⁹

Table 3 Descriptive Information and Population (N = 42)

Population
Author	Year	Country	Research Design	MMAT Score	Professions	Participant Size (n)	Level
Quantitative studies
Brashers et al^Citation47	2020	USA	Survey	5/5	Non-specific: various health professionals	113	Clinicians and Faculty
Brewer et al^Citation48	2018	Australia	Survey	5/5	Nurses, PTs, SLPs, OTs, Dieticians, Social workers, Midwives, Podiatrists, Radiologists	53	Clinicians and Faculty
Budak & Özer^Citation49	2018	Turkey	Survey	5/5	Physicians, Nurses	261	Clinicians
Case^Citation50	2020	USA	Survey	4/5	Nurses, Radiologists, Respiratory Therapists	104	Undergraduate students
Chang et al^Citation51	2019	USA	Survey	5/5	Dentists, Physicians (Geriatrics, Palliative, ER, Dermatology, Hematology/Oncology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Nurses, Pharmacists, Psychologists, Social workers, SLPs	4 x 65 = 260	Clinicians
El Bakry et al^Citation52	2018	Malaysia	Pre-post survey	5/5	Physicians (Pediatrics and Gynecology), Nurses	38	Clinicians
Fernandez et al^Citation53	2016	USA	Pre-post survey	5/5	Physicians (Gynecology and Obstetrics)	37	Clinicians
Ferris et al^Citation54	2018	USA	Survey	4/5	Physicians (Palliative medicine)	39	Clinicians
Forstater et al^Citation55	2019	USA	Pre-post survey	5/5	Physicians (GPs), OTs Nurses, Pharmacists, Radiologists	537	Undergraduate students
Fowler & Gill^Citation56	2015	USA	Survey	4/5	Physicians (GPs)	107	Clinicians and Non-clinicians (eg, trainers)
Franco et al^Citation57	2018	Brazil	Survey	4/5	Physicians (Family)	74	Clinicians
Goldstein et al^Citation58	2009	USA	Survey	4/5	Physicians (GPs)	Not stated	Undergraduate students
Green et al^Citation59	2017	USA	Survey	5/5	Physicians (Pediatrics and Critical care), Nurses	518	Clinicians and Fellows
Hartiti et al^Citation60	2020	Malaysia	Pre-post survey	5/5	Nurses	94	Clinicians and Graduate students
Hendricks et al^Citation61	2010	Australia	Pre-post survey	5/5	Nurses	10	Undergraduate students
Hlongwa & Rispel^Citation12	2021	South Africa	Survey	5/5	Physicians (Plastic Surgery), Dentists, SLPs, Geneticists, Nurses, Psychologists, Social workers	52	Clinicians
Humphreys et al^Citation62	2018	USA	Survey	5/5	Family Members, Social workers, SLPs, OTs, Nutritionists, Nurses, Physicians (Peds and Public Health)	102	Undergraduate students, Clinicians, and Non-clinicians (eg, self-advocates and family members)
Malling et al^Citation63	2020	Denmark	Survey	5/5	Physicians (not specified)	45	Clinicians (new graduates)
Mano et al^Citation64	2019	Latin America	Survey	5/5	Physicians (Oncology)	217	Clinicians
McGrath et al^Citation65	2019	USA	Pre-post survey	5/5	Physicians (Family, Genetics, Pediatrics), Health Administration, Nurses, Nutritionists, OTs, Pediatric Dentists, PTs, Psychologists, Public health practitioners, Social workers, Special education teachers, SLPs	Pre-training: 93, Post-training: 103	LEND-fellows: Graduate, Doctoral, and Post-doctoral students
Paterson et al^Citation66	2015	Australia	Survey	4/5	Nurses	124	Junior clinicians
Rose et al^Citation67	2003	USA	Survey	5/5	Physicians, Nurses, OTs, PTs, Social workers	22	Undergraduate students
Rosenman et al^Citation68	2019	USA	Survey	5/5	Physicians (Trauma, ER and Surgery)	36	Undergraduate students
Rotenstein et al^Citation69	2019	USA	Survey	5/5	Physicians, Dentists, Nurses, Public Health Practitioners, and Business	33	Undergraduate students
Scott & Swartz^Citation70	2015	USA	Survey	5/5	Physicians, Nurses	18	Undergraduate students
True et al^Citation71	2020	USA	Survey	5/5	Physicians (Internal medicine)	26	Residents
Qualitative studies
Curry et al^Citation72	2020	UK	Interviews	5/5	Multidisciplinary health and social care team members	26	Clinicians and Non-clinicians
Embree et al^Citation73	2018	USA	Case study	4/5	Nurses	25	Clinicians
Hendricks &Toth-Cohen^Citation74	2018	South Africa	Interviews	5/5	OTs	12	Undergraduate students
Hoying et al^Citation75	2017	USA	Case study	3/5	Interprofessional teams involved in emergency events	43	Clinicians
Hu & Broome^Citation76	2020	China	Interviews	4/5	Physicians (not specified), Nurses Administrators	15	Clinicians, Faculty, Undergraduate students
Jaffe et al^Citation77	2016	USA	Interviews	5/5	Physicians (Surgery)	24	Clinicians
Keshmiri & Moradi^Citation78	2020	Iran	Interviews	4/5	Physicians (ER), Nurses	15	Clinicians
Koya et al^Citation79	2017	India	Interviews	5/5	Physicians (Chief Physicians), Nurses	14	Clinicians
Kozakowski et al^Citation80	2015	USA	Case study and interviews	5/5	Physicians (Family)	14	Clinicians
Lakshminarayana et al^Citation81	2015	UK	Interviews	5/5	Physicians (Not specified), Nurses	81	Novel clinicians and trainees
Leenstra et al^Citation82	2016	The Netherlands	Interviews	5/5	Physicians (ER, Trauma, Anesthesiology), Nurses (ER)	28	Clinicians
Södersved Källestedt et al^Citation83	2020	Sweden	Interviews	5/5	Nurses	9	Clinicians
Way & Dixon^Citation84	2019	UK	Case study	5/5	Midwives, Nurses (Mental Health), PTs, OTs	420	Undergraduate students
Mixed-methods studies
Debono et al^Citation85	2016	Australia	Interviews and scales	5/5	Nurses, Midwives	60	Clinicians
Moore et al^Citation86	2016	USA	Survey and focus groups	5/5	Physicians (Internal medicine)	125	Undergraduate students
Robins et al^Citation87	2016	USA	Longitudinal case study with survey	4/5	Nurses, Physicians, Pharmacists, Public Health Practitioners	8	Fellows

Abbreviations: ER, Emergency Room; GPs, General practitioners; LEND, Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities; MMAT, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (Hong et al, 2018); OTs, Occupational therapists; PTs, Physical therapists; SLPs, Speech language pathologists; USA, United States of America.

Table 4 Intervention Applied and Outcomes Achieved (N = 42)

Intervention / Leadership Training			Outcome
Author	New/Exist	Content Focus	Training Strategies	Positive Change
Brashers et al^Citation47	Exist	Knowledge, skills, and abilities regarding interprofessional collaboration in service delivery; respecting cultures, values, roles/responsibilities, and expertise; ethics	Train-The-Trainer IPC/teamwork	Improved knowledge
Brewer et al^Citation48	New	Knowledge and skills regarding interprofessional teamwork, embedding teamwork in patient care, team implementation strategies and facilitation techniques and general leadership outcomes	IPC/teamwork	Improved knowledge Skills: patient care Increased confidence
Budak & Özer^Citation49	N/S	Personal qualities, working with others, managing, and improving services, goal setting and clinical leadership	IPC/teamwork	N/S
Case^Citation50	N/S	Teamwork (mutual performance monitoring, shared mental models, and mutual trust), leadership and communication skills	IPC/teamwork Simulation	Improved knowledge Skills: teamwork Skills: communication
Chang et al^Citation51	New	Self-management skills, planning, execution, communication, empathy	Group learning	Satisfaction Increased confidence
El Bakry et al^Citation52	New	Communication, teamwork, management	IPC/teamwork	Satisfaction Skills: teamwork Skills: communication
Fernandez et al^Citation53	Exist	Creating collaborative organizational cultures, change management, communication skills, motivational skills, advocacy skills, and negotiation skills	Collaborative learning	Skills: teamwork Skills: motivating others Skills: coping with and managing change
Ferris et al^Citation54	New	Broad leadership skills	N/S	Improved knowledge Positive attitude
Forstater et al^Citation55	New	Communication skills, conflict resolution, teamwork	Simulation	Skills: teamwork Skills: communication Skills: conflict resolution Increased confidence
Fowler & Gill^Citation56	N/S	Listening skills, reflective practice, giving/receiving feedback, conflict resolution, time management, delegation, flexibility, coping skills, teamwork, resources management, financial planning	Workshops, tutorials, debriefs, mentorship, group learning	Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Franco et al^Citation57	N/S	Communication skills, therapeutic relationships, patient-centered care, teamwork, involving family	N/S	Skills: communication
Goldstein et al^Citation58	New	Fundraising, networking, motivational skills, setting a vision, teamwork, collaboration, community organization, media advocacy, change, management, presentation skills	N/S	Skills: teamwork Skills: communication Skills: conflict resolution Skills: motivating others
Green et al^Citation59	N/S	Management skills, self-management/self-awareness skills, task management skills, change management	N/S	Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Hartiti et al^Citation60	New	Work ethics (eg, compliance, precision), interpersonal/soft skills, self-management skills, communication skills, problem-solving, collaboration	N/S	Skills: problem-solving
Hendricks et al, 2010^Citation61	New	Leadership knowledge, communication skills, goal setting, conflict management teamwork, change management, negotiation skills, viewing problems as opportunities	N/S	Skills: teamwork Skills: communication Skills: conflict resolution Skills: problem-solving Skills: coping with and managing change Increased confidence
Hlongwa & Rispel^Citation12	N/S	Interprofessional collaboration, collaborative leadership, shared decision-making, optimizing professional role groupwork, communication skills	IPC/teamwork	Skills: communication
Humphreys et al^Citation62	Exist	Self-reflection, ethics and professionalism, critical thinking, negotiation and conflict resolution, communication, cultural competence, teamwork, community mobilization, family involvement, policy, and advocacy	N/S	Skills: self-aware/id/conf Skills: motivating others
Malling et al^Citation63	New	Professional relations management, communication, skills conflict management, and emerging leadership skills	IPC/teamwork	Skills: teamwork Skills: communication Skills: conflict resolution
Mano et al^Citation64	N/S	Task management, self-management, social responsibility, innovation and leading others	N/S	Skills: self-aware/id/conf
McGrath et al^Citation65	New	Personal leadership, leading others, decision-making skills conflict resolution, team building, cultural competency	IPC/teamwork	Skills: teamwork Skills: patient care
Paterson et al^Citation66	Exist	Setting a vision, staff development, mentoring skills, building trust, teamwork, problem solving skills, self-awareness skills	N/S	Skills: teamwork
Rose et al^Citation67	New	Attitudinal training	Practical experiences	Positive attitude
Rosenman et al^Citation68	New	Teamwork, problem-solving, information management, prioritization, change management	Simulation IPC/teamwork	Skills: communication
Rotenstein et al^Citation69	New	Goal setting, advocacy, community outreach, innovation, interprofessional, and medical education	N/S	Skills: teamwork Positive attitude
Scott & Swartz^Citation70	Exist	Leadership perceptions and skills, interprofessional collaboration, career planning	N/S	Positive attitude
True et al^Citation71	New	Emotional intelligence, teambuilding and teamwork, and conflict management	N/S	Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Curry et al^Citation72	Exist	Strategic problem solving, building a learning community, adaptive leadership	Collaborative learning	Skills: problem-solving
Embree et al^Citation73	New	Leadership skills (goal setting, setting a vision, challenge the process, empowerment skills, motivational skills)	IPC/teamwork	Skills: communication
Hendricks & Toth-Cohen^Citation74	New	Life stories, authentic leadership, leadership, ethics, self-management skills	N/S	Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Hoying et al^Citation75	New	Crisis management, meta-leadership skills, resource management	IPC/teamwork	Skills: teamwork Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Hu & Broome^Citation76	N/S	Act as a role model and mentor, knowledge and skill, creating shared vision, respecting and valuing diversity, communication skills	N/S	Skills: teamwork
Jaffe et al^Citation77	N/S	Communication skills, conflict resolution skills, ability to develop a compelling vision and creating collaborative, effective and diverse teams	No intervention	Improved knowledge Skills: teamwork Skills: communication Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Keshmiri & Moradi^Citation78	N/S	Supportive management, collaborative leadership skills, teamwork	IPC/teamwork	Skills: teamwork
Koya et al^Citation79	N/S	Change management, self-awareness skills, communication skills, reflective practice, decision-making skills, ethics, teamwork, relationship skills, professional development, emotional intelligence, resilience	N/S	Skills: teamwork Skills: self-aware/id/conf
Kozakowski et al^Citation80	New	Change management, financial management, cultural and contextual awareness skills, setting a vision, demonstrating courage and resilience	N/S	Skills: coping with and managing change
Lakshminarayana et al^Citation81	N/S	Teamwork, leading by example, delegation skills, stress management, patient management, time management, organization skills, teaching skills	N/S	Skills: teamwork Skills: communication
Leenstra et al^Citation82	N/S	Information coordination skills, decision making, communication skills, coaching skills and teamwork	N/S	Skills: teamwork Skills: communication
Södersved Källestedt et al^Citation83	N/S	Building relationships, developing clinical skills, developing leadership skills	N/S	Skills: teamwork Skills: patient care
Way & Dixon^Citation84	New	Self-management skills, critical thinking skills; teamwork; ethics	N/S	Improved knowledge Skills: teamwork Skills: self-aware/id/conf Skills: patient care Increased confidence
Debono et al^Citation85	Exist	Management skills to facilitate change management	IPC/teamwork	Skills: communication Skills: motivating others Increased confidence
Moore et al^Citation86	Exist	Value of leadership	N/S	Skills: patient care
Robins et al^Citation87	New	Change management, attitudinal training, knowledge and skills, behavioral change	N/S	Improved knowledge Positive attitude

Abbreviations: IPC, Interprofessional collaboration; N/S, Not specified; self-aware/id/conf, self-awareness/identity/confidence.

Figure 2 Distribution of professions.

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