Association between levels of vitamin D and inflammatory markers in healthy women

Figures & data

Table 1 Age, CRP, and cytokine median values in subjects with deficient and nondeficient levels of vitamin D

	Deficient vitamin D (level <25 nmol/L)	Nondeficient vitamin D (level ≥25 nmol/L)	P-value
Number	89	29
Age (years)	26	38	0.004
Vitamin D (nmol/l)	15.0	75.0	0.000
CRP (mg/dl)	0.38	0.51	0.669
IL-1β (pg/ml)	0.24	0.29	0.749
IFN-γ (pg/ml)	10.17	13.78	0.165
TNF-α (pg/ml)	9.90	9.75	0.724
IL-8 (pg/ml)	13.71	14.12	0.822
IL-17 (pg/ml)	3.95	6.61	0.594
IL-4 (pg/ml)	132.40	240.50	0.392

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 2 Age, vitamin D, and cytokine median values in subjects with low and high levels of CRP

	Low CRP level (<1 mg/dL)	High CRP level (≥1 mg/dL)	P-value
Number	101	17
Age (years)	27	40	0.020
Vitamin D (nmol/l)	16.0	18.0	0.940
CRP (mg/dl)	0.33	1.54	0.000
IL-1β (pg/ml)	0.42	0.00	0.042
IFn-γ (pg/ml)	10.16	13.78	0.249
TNF-α (pg/ml)	9.72	12.25	0.090
IL-8 (pg/ml)	12.95	18.00	0.106
IL-17 (pg/ml)	4.23	3.58	0.971
IL-4 (pg/ml)	155.98	83.47	0.126

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Figure 1 Median serum levels of cytokines in subject groups.

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NL, nondeficient levels of vitamin D and low levels of CRP; NH, nondeficient levels of vitamin D and high levels of CRP; DL, deficient levels of vitamin D and low levels of CRP; DH, deficient levels of vitamin D and high levels of CRP; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 3 Ratio of anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory cytokines in stratified groups

Group	IL-4/TNF-α	IL-4/IFN-γ	IL-4/IL-8	IL-4/IL-17
NL	37.5	25.2	27.2	53.5
NH	7.8	6.1	4.2	12.5
DL	14.7	14.2	10.9	34.9
DH	6.7	4.2	5.0	27.3

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NL, nondeficient levels of vitamin D and low levels of CRP; NH, nondeficient levels of vitamin D and high levels of CRP; DL, deficient levels of vitamin D and low levels of CRP; DH, deficient levels of vitamin D and high levels of CRP; CRP, C-reactive protein.