The association between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and periventricular leukomalacia in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of the characteristics of case and control groups

Variables	Case N=50 (%)	Control N=50 (%)	P-value
Sex
Male	31 (62)	23 (46)	0.1598a
Female	19 (38)	27 (54)
Delivery classification (weeks)
Postterm (>42)	0 (0)	2 (4)
Term (37 to <42)	4 (8)	48 (96)	NA
Moderate preterm (32 to <37)	2 (4)	0 (0)
Very preterm (28 to <32)	20 (40)	0 (0)
Extremely preterm (<28)	24 (48)	0 (0)
Delivery type
Vaginal	13 (26)	22 (44)	0.0928a
Cesarean section	37 (74)	28 (56)
Birth	N=44 (%)	N=49 (%)
Single	38 (86)	48 (98)	0.0496a
Multiple (Twins)	6 (14)	1 (2)
Gestational age (weeks)
Mean (± SD)	31.0 (±3.7)	39.4 (±1.2)
Minimum	25	38	<0.0001b
Maximum	39	42.5
Median	31	39.1
Birth body weight (g)
Mean (± SD)	1561.1 (±927.98)	3509.9 (±320.09)
Minimum	630	2,870	<0.0001b
Maximum	4,130	4,020
Median	1,265	3,552
1° minute Apgar score
Mean (± SD)	4.30 (±1.38)	8.44 (±1.11)
Minimum	0	7	<0.0001b
Maximum	5	10
Median	5	8
5° minute Apgar score
Mean (± SD)	7.44 (±1.96)	9.42 (±0.57)
Minimum	0	8	<0.0001b
Maximum	9	10
Median	8	9
Hospital stay (days)
Mean (± SD)	56.32 (±30.64)	1.6 (±0.57)
Minimum	15	1	<0.0001b
Maximum	170	3
Median	57	2

Notes:

a Fisher’s exact test.

b Mann–Whitney U Test. Bold values indicate significant results, P<0.05.

Abbreviations: g, gram; NA, not analyzed; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Distribution of transfontanellar ultrasonographic data in the case group

Transfontanellar ultrasonographic data
PVL grade	Cases n=50 (%)
Grade I	23 (46)
Grade II	11 (22)
Grade III	16 (32)
Grade IV	0 (0)
Additional ultrasound abnormalities
Periventricular hemorrhage
Grade I	15 (30)
Grade II	5 (10)
Grade III	9 (18)
Grade IV	9 (18)
Total	38 (76)
Hydrocephalus	20 (40)

Abbreviation: PVL, periventricular leukomalacia.

Table 3 Distribution of genotypes and alleles in case and control groups for the TNF-a-1031T/C, IL-1β-511C/T, and IL-10-1082G/A polymorphisms

Gene/polymorphism	Genotypes/alleles	Case N=50 (%) Alleles N=100 (%)	Control N=50 (%) Alleles N=100 (%)	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	P-value
TNF-α-1031T/C	TT	22 (44)	33 (66)	0.4048 0.18–0.91	0.044
	TC	27 (54)	16 (32)	2.495 1.10–5.63	0.043
	CC	01 (02)	01 (02)	1.000 0.06–16.4	1.505
	TC + CC	28 (56)	17 (34)	2.471 1.10–5.55	0.044
	T	71 (71)	82 (82)	0.5374 0.27–1.05	0.095
	C	29 (29)	18 (18)	1.861 0.95–3.63	0.095
IL-1β-511C/T	CC	0 (0)	09 (18)	0.04325 0.002–0.76	0.003
	CT	38 (76)	30 (60)	2.111 0.89–4.99	0.133
	TT	12 (24)	11 (22)	1.120 0.44–2.84	1.000
	CT + TT	50 (100)	41 (82)	23.120 1.31–409.4	0.003
	C	38 (38)	48 (48)	0.6640 0.38–1.17	0.198
	T	62 (62)	52 (52)	1.506 0.86–2.64	0.198
IL-10-1082G/A	GG	02 (4)	18 (36)	0.07407 0.02–0.34	<0.0001
	GA	48 (96)	32 (64)	13.500 2.93–62.2	<0.0001
	AA	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	–
	GA + AA	48 (96)	32 (64)	13.500 2.93–62.2	<0.0001
	G	52 (52)	68 (68)	0.5098 0.29–0.91	0.030
	A	48 (48)	32 (32)	1.962 1.10–3.49	0.030

Notes: Polymorphic alleles are in bold type. Bold values indicate significant results, P<0.05.

Table 4 Distribution among TNF-α-1031T/C, IL-1β-511C/T, and IL-10-1082G/A genotype combinations in all analyzed newborns of both case and control groups

Genotypes combinations			Case N=50 (%)	Control N=50 (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P-value
TNF-α-1031T/C	IL-1β-511C/T	IL-10-1082G/A
TT	CT	GG	2 (4)	6 (12)	0.3056 0.056–1.59	0.269
TT	TT	GG	0	3 (6)	0.1344 0.007–2.7	0.242a
TT	CC	GA	0	6 (12)	0.06778 0.004–1.24	0.027a
TT	CT	GA	17 (34)	15 (30)	1.202 0.52–2.79	0.830
TT	TT	GA	3 (6)	3 (6)	1.000 0.192–5.21	1.322
TC	CC	GG	0 (0)	2 (4)	0.1921 0.009–4.11	0.495a
TC	CT	GG	0 (0)	5 (10)	0.08191 0.004–1.52	0.056a
TC	TT	GG	0 (0)	2 (4)	0.1921 0.009–4.11	0.495a
TC	CC	GA	0 (0)	1 (2)	0.3267 0.013–8.22	1.000a
TC	CT	GA	18 (36)	4 (8)	6.469 2.00–20.92	0.001
TC	TT	GA	9 (18)	2 (4)	5.268 1.08–25.79	0.051
CC	CT	GA	1 (2)	0 (0)	3.061 0.12–77.01	1.000a
CC	TT	GA	0 (0)	1 (2)	0.3267 0.013–8.22	1.000a

Notes:

a With haldane correction. Polymorphic alleles are in bold type. Bold values indicate significant results, P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IL-1β, interleukin-1beta; IL-10, interleukin-10.