Inflammation and oxidative stress markers in diabetes and hypertension

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects included in this study

Category	Control	HTN	HTN+T2DM
Group (N)	81	88	87
Gender (female) %	61.7	63.6	58.6
Age (years)	64.9±10.5a,b	69.9±9.0	70±10.5
Medication (%)
Dmeds	0b	0c	83.9
Antihypertensive	0a,b	68.2c	87.4
Statins	13.6b	21.6c	75.9
NSAID	25.9a,b	48.9	55.2
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.3±0.7b	5.3±0.6c	8.3±3.5
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.7±4.1a,b	28.1±5.0c	30.3±6.1
WC (cm)
Female	88±10.1a,b	94.8±18.5c	99±14.3
Male	97.4±9.7b	102.2±10.7c	108.2±14.6
Systolic BP (mmHg)	119.7±11.2a,b	138.5±18.5	137.5±18.4
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	73.6±6.4a,b	78.9±7.6	77.4±9.6
HbA1c (%)	5.6±0.3b	5.7±0.3c	6.7±0.8
TC (mmol/L)	5.3±0.8b	5.6±1c	4.5±1.2
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.1±0.6b	1.3±0.6c	1.8±1.2
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.7±0.4b	1.6±0.5c	1.4±0.6
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.1±0.7b	3.3±1c	2.2±0.9
TC/HDL-C ratio	3.3±1a	3.7±1.1	3.5±1.4

Notes:

a Significant difference between control and HTN group (p<0.05);

b significant difference between control and HTN+T2DM group (p<0.05);

c significant difference between HTN and HTN+T2DM group (p<0.05).

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; Dmeds, diabetes medication; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; WC, waist circumference.

Table 2 Biomarker levels for control, hypertension, and hypertension with T2DM

Category	Control	HTN	HTN+T2DM
C5A (ng/mL)	30.8 (24.9) n=66	20.8 (27.4) n=74	22.5 (33.9) n=67
d-DIMER (µg/mL)	0.39 (0.44) n=48	0.45 (0.35) n=53	0.39 (0.29) n=51
8-ISO-PGF-2α (ng/mL)	0.89 (1.93)b n=75	1.22 (1.70) n=84	1.74 (4.15) n=82
8-OHDG (ng/mL)	158.1 (135.8) n=62	157.3 (140.2) n=62	145.1 (161.3) n=54
GSH (µM/L)	1762 (1149) n=37	1705 (878)c n=40	1457 (600) n=27
GSSG (µM/L)	286 (152) n=37	384 (214) n=40	277 (250) n=27
GSH/GSSG	6.3 (6.2) n=37	6.1 (6.2) n=40	4.4 (4.6) n=27
IL-1β (pg/mL)	4.2 (9.8)a n=53	2.4 (3.0)c n=52	4.3 (12.0) n=66
IL-6 (pg/mL)	14.3 (15.3) n=78	16.8 (22.8) n=80	17.7 (30.7) n=72
IL-10 (pg/mL)	21.5 (39.1)a n=54	14.5 (15.9)c n=53	17.7 (65.5) n=66
IL-1B/IL-10	0.16 (0.21) n=53	0.18 (0.31) n=52	0.15 (0.53) n=66
IL-6/IL-10	0.41 (1.28) n=53	0.58 (1.32) n=53	0.42 (0.77) n=54
IGF-1 (pg/mL)	303 (533)b n=53	266 (454) n=54	169 (240) n=66
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	187 (80) n=54	193 (113) n=53	198 (137) n=66
(MCP-1/IGF-1)*IL-1B	3.9 (8.9) n=53	2.0 (4.4) n=52	2.8 (11.1) n=65
(MCP-1/IGF-1)*IL-6	7.3 (19.2) n=52	9.5 (45.4) n=53	11.1 (34.1) n=54

Notes:

a Significant difference between control group and HTN group (p<0.03);

b significant difference between control group and T2DM with HTN group (p < 0.01);

c significant difference between HTN group and T2DM with HTN group (p<0.05).

Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; IGF 1, insulin-like growth factor; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Biomarker levels with respect to HTN stages with and without T2DM

Category	Control	Stage 1 HTN	Stage 2 HTN	T2DM + stage 1 HTN	T2DM + stage 2 HTN
IGF-1 (pg/mL)	303 (533)b n=53	289 (476)d n=49	105 (188) n=7	249 (220) n=55	263 (571) n=9
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	187 (80)a n=54	172 (106)c n=48	280 (457)e,f n=7	204 (134) n=55	193 (158) n=9
(MCP-1/IGF-1)*IL-6	7.3 (19.0a n=52	7.2 (20.7)c,d n=48	54.2 (96.4)f n=6	16.3 (41.7) n=42	7.1 (5.9) n=8

Notes:

a Significant difference between control and stage 2 HTN group (p<0.05);

b significant difference between control and T2DM with stage 1 HTN group (p<0.05);

c significant difference between stage 1 HTN and stage 2 HTN group (p<0.05);

d significant difference between stage 1 HTN and T2DM with stage 1 HTN group (p<0.05);

e significant difference between stage 2 HTN and T2DM + stage 1 HTN group (p<0.05);

f significant difference between stage 2 HTN and T2DM + stage 2 HTN group (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; IGF 1, insulin-like growth factor; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Figure 1 Impact of hypertension and diabetes on biomarker levels.

Notes: ^#p<0.1, *p<0.05, **p<0.03, ***p<0.01.

Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; IGF 1, insulin-like growth factor; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.