Moderate glucose supply reduces hemolysis during systemic inflammation

Figures & data

Table 1 Effect of moderate (MG) and excessive glucose (EG) supply on vital, blood, and plasma parametersa during systemic inflammation

Parameters	SHAM 300 min	(0 min)	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 300 min	LPS+MG 300 min	LPS+EG 300 min
Systemic blood pressure (mmHg)	97 ± 4	(89 ± 3)	104 ± 6^n.s. vs. SHAM	91 ± 6^n.s. vs. LPS	79 ± 7^P = ^0.0109 vs. LPS
Heart rate (min^−^1)	334 ± 8	(297 ± 6)	392 ± 12^P ^= 0.0015 vs. SHAM	375 ± 6^n.s. vs. LPS	381 ± 7^n.s. vs. LPS
Breathing rate (min^−^1)	47 ± 3	(56 ± 2)	60 ± 3^P ^= 0.0148 vs. SHAM	59 ± 3 ^n.s. vs. LPS	50 ± 5^n.s. vs. LPS
Body temperature (°C)	37.7 ± 0.1	(37.5 ± 0.1)	38.1 ± 0.2^n.s. vs. SHAM	38.1 ± 0.1^n.s. vs. LPS	38.1 ± 0.1^n.s. vs. LPS
pH	7.26 ± 0.03	(7.30 ± 0.01)	7.27 ± 0.02^n.s. vs. SHAM	7.32 ± 0.031^n.s. vs. LPS	7.33 ± 0.031^n.s. vs. LPS
pCO2 (mmHg)	49 ± 2	(45 ± 1)	37 ± 2^P ^= 0.0012 vs. SHAM	34 ± 3^n.s. vs. LPS	33 ± 2 ^n.s. vs. LPS
Base excess (mmol/L)	−5.1 ± 1.4	(−3.5 ± 0.5)	−9.5 ± 0.7^P ^= 0.0060 vs. SHAM	-8.5 ± 0.5^n.s. vs. LPS	−8.3 ± 0.8^n.s. vs. LPS
HCO3^− (mmol/L)	19.9 ± 1.1	(21.4 ± 0.4)	16.8 ± 0.5^P ^= 0.0144 vs. SHAM	17.6 ± 0.4^n.s. vs. LPS	17.6 ± 0.6^n.s. vs. LPS
pO2 (mmHg)	342 ± 26	(353 ± 21)	334 ± 32^n.s. vs. SHAM	358 ± 18^n.s. vs. LPS	345 ± 15^n.s. vs. LPS
K^+ (mmol/L)	4.8 ± 0.1	(5.0 ± 0.1)	5.1 ± 0.1^n.s. vs. SHAM	5.2 ± 0.1^n.s. vs. LPS	5.3 ± 0.2^n.s. vs. LPS
Na^+ (mmol/L)	140 ± 0	(141 ± 0)	142 ± 1^P ^= 0.0244 vs. SHAM	140 ± 1^n.s. vs. LPS	139 ± 1^P ^= 0.0002 vs. LPS
Cl− (mmol/L)	114 ± 1	(115 ± 1)	119 ± 1^P ^= 0.0005 vs. SHAM	118 ± 1^n.s. vs. LPS	116 ± 1^n.s. vs. LPS
Ca^2+ (mmol/L)	1.47 ± 0.03	(1.53 ± 0.03)	1.30 ± 0.05^P ^= 0.0036 vs. SHAM	1.30 ± 0.03^n.s. vs. LPS	1.29 ± 0.04^n.s. vs. LPS
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	77 ± 16	(59 ± 10)	336 ± 64^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	181 ± 30^n.s. vs. LPS	356 ±126^n.s. vs. LPS
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	98 ± 11	(68 ± 5)	427 ± 61^P ^= 0.0004 vs. SHAM	433 ± 37^n.s. vs. LPS	838 ± 357^n.s. vs. LPS
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)	199 ± 37	(159 ± 26)	1345 ± 146^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	1326 ± 150^n.s. vs. LPS	2037 ± 393^P ^= 0.0336 vs. LPS
Creatine kinase (U/L)	148 ± 33	(364 ± 55)	550 ± 83^P ^= 0.0006 vs. SHAM	586 ± 103^n.s. vs. LPS	544 ± 83^n.s. vs. LPS
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.71 ± 0.10	(0.71 ± 0.07)	1.06 ± 0.10^n.s. vs. SHAM	1.41 ± 0.21^n.s. vs. LPS	1.52 ± 0.18 ^n.s. vs. LPS
Glucose (mg/dL)	151 ± 8	(147 ± 4)	46 ± 6^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	53 ± 3^n.s. vs. LPS	97 ± 17^P ^= 0.0014 vs. LPS
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.1	(0.9 ± 0.1)	2.7 ± 0.4^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	3.0 ± 0.2^n.s. vs. LPS	3.2 ± 0.2^n.s. vs. LPS
Hematocrit (%)	37.6 ± 0.9	(40.7 ± 0.8)	36.1 ± 1.3^n.s. vs. SHAM	35.5 ± 0.9^n.s. vs. LPS	35.2 ± 0.9^n.s. vs. LPS
Cell-free hemoglobin (µmol/L)	14.4 ± 3.1	(11.1 ± 0.8)	43.2 ± 5.8^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	28.1 ± 2.7^P ^= 0.0525 vs. LPS (n.s.)	27.2 ± 3.9^P ^= 0.0384 vs. LPS

Notes:

a Vital parameters, blood gases, electrolytes, plasma enzyme activities, as well as the plasma concentration of creatinine, glucose, lactate, and cell-free hemoglobin of the groups SHAM (n = 12), LPS (n = 12), LPS+MG (n = 8), and LPS+EG (n = 8) are shown (mean values ± standard error of mean) either before the beginning of the LPS infusion (baseline, T = 0 min) or at T = 300 min. Baseline values of the SHAM group were not significantly different from those of the other groups. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused at a rate of 1 mg/kg and h over a period of 300 min to induce systemic inflammation in male Wistar rats. Glucose was supplied either moderately (LPS+MG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 70 mg glucose/kg and h) or excessively (LPS+EG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 210 mg glucose/kg and h) during systemic inflammation. n.s. = not significant.

Table 2 Effect of moderate (MG) and excessive glucose (EG) supply on parameters of thromboelastometrya during systemic inflammation

Parameters	SHAM 300 min	LPS 300 min	LPS+MG 300 min	LPS+EG 300 min
EXTEM
CT (s)	38 ± 4	2691 ± 435^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	2435 ± 414^n.s. vs. LPS	1988 ± 444^n.s. vs. LPS
MCF (mm)	25.0 ± 1.1	2.5 ± 0.8^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	1.4 ± 0.8^n.s. vs. LPS	2.8 ± 1.4^n.s. vs. LPS
INTEM
CT (s)	126 ± 4	2906 ± 375^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	1980 ± 619^n.s. vs. LPS	1670 ± 713^n.s. vs. LPS
MCF (mm)	19.4 ± 1.1	0.7 ± 0.4^P ^< 0.0001 vs. SHAM	2.8 ± 1.3^n.s. vs. LPS	3.0 ± 0.9^n.s. vs. LPS

Notes:

a The clotting time (CT) and the maximum clot firmness (MCF) of the groups SHAM (n = 12), LPS (n = 12), LPS+MG (n = 8), and LPS+EG (n = 8) are shown (mean values ± standard error of mean) for time point T = 300 min. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused at a rate of 1 mg/kg and h over a period of 300 min to induce systemic inflammation in male Wistar rats. Glucose was supplied either moderately (LPS+MG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 70 mg glucose/kg and h) or excessively (LPS+EG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 210 mg glucose/kg and h) during systemic inflammation. n.s. = not significant.

Figure 1 Effect of moderate (MG) and excessive glucose supply (EG) on systemic blood pressure (A) and plasma concentration of cell-free hemoglobin (B) during systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused at a rate of 1 mg/kg and h over a period of 300 min to induce systemic inflammation in male Wistar rats. Glucose was supplied either moderately (LPS+MG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 70 mg glucose/kg and h) or excessively (LPS+EG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 210 mg glucose/kg and h) during systemic inflammation. Systemic blood pressure and plasma concentration of cell-free hemoglobin are shown as mean values ± standard errors of mean.

Figure 2 Effect of moderate (MG) and excessive glucose supply (EG) on plasma concentrations of glucose (A) and lactate (B) during systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused at a rate of 1 mg/kg and h over a period of 300 min to induce systemic inflammation in male Wistar rats. Glucose was supplied either moderately (LPS+MG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 70 mg glucose/kg and h) or excessively (LPS+EG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 210 mg glucose/kg and h) during systemic inflammation. Plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate are shown as mean values ± standard errors of mean.

Figure 2 Effect of moderate (MG) and excessive glucose supply (EG) on plasma concentrations of glucose (A) and lactate (B) during systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused at a rate of 1 mg/kg and h over a period of 300 min to induce systemic inflammation in male Wistar rats. Glucose was supplied either moderately (LPS+MG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 70 mg glucose/kg and h) or excessively (LPS+EG: 1 mg LPS/kg and h + 210 mg glucose/kg and h) during systemic inflammation. Plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate are shown as mean values ± standard errors of mean.