Circulatory pattern of cytokines, adipokines and bone markers in postmenopausal women with low BMD

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic data and baseline clinical characteristics of postmenopausal women enrolled in the study (mean ± SD)

	Normal BMD	Low BMD	p	Osteopenia	p	Osteoporosis	p	p
	(N) (n=25)	(L) (n=46)	(N vs L)	(OSN) (n=31)	(N vs OSN)	(OSR) (n=15)	(N vs OSR)	(OSN vs OSR)
Age (years)	56.1±5.6	59.6±7.8	0.03	58.7±7.9	0.16	61.3±7.3	0.001	0.14
Weight (Kg)	80.5±12.2	75.5±12.7	0.13	75.7±12.1	0.55	75.2±12.3	0.18	0.96
Height (m)	158.7±5.2	156.1±6.1	0.15	157.3±5.3	0.18	153.5±6.9	0.02	0.58
BMI (kg/m^2)	32.0±5.2	31.0±5.0	0.47	30.6±5.0	0.28	31.8±5.1	0.90	0.40
Smoking (%)	2 (8)	2 (4)	0.62	2 (6.5)	1.00	0 (0)	0.52	0.55
Previous fracture (%)	4 (16)	10 (21.7)	0.55	7 (22.6)	0.62	3 (20)	0.69	1.00
Years since menopause (yr)	7.6±5.5	9.0±7.2	0.53	7.4±6.4	0.75	12.1±7.7	0.06	0.019
T-score hip	0.2±0.8	−1.4±0.87	0.0001	−1.1±0.8	0.0001	−2.0±0.7	0.0001	0.001
Hip BMC (g/cm^2)	1.02±0.12	0.78±0.12	0.0001	0.81±0.13	0.0001	0.73±0.1	0.0001	0.074
T-score L1-L4	−0.11±0.65	−2±0.65	0.0001	−1.7±0.4	0.0001	−2.7±0.5	0.0001	0.0001
L1-L4 BMC (g/cm^2)	1.17±0.1	0.90±0.1	0.0001	0.93±0.09	0.0001	0.83±0.9	0.0001	0.003

Note: Significant p-values are depicted in bold.

Abbreviations: N, Normal BMD, L, Low BMD; OSN, Osteopenia; OSR, Osteoporosis; BMD, Bone mineral density.

Table 2 Median circulatory levels of cytokines in all groups

Cytokine	Normal BMD		Low BMD		p	Osteopenia		p	Osteoporosis		p	p
	(N) (n=25)		(L) (n=46)			(OSN) (n=31)			(OSR) (n=15)
pg/ml	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	(N vs L)	Median	IQR	(N vs OSR)	Median	IQR	(N vs OSR)	(OSN vs OSR
Pro-resorptive
TNF-α	1412.7	2627.8	1711.3	2070.1	0.60	1601.5	1627.7	0.73	1963.9	2440.7	0.54	0.59
IL-6	4536.2	2710.1	5111.8	4688.8	0.66	5082.2	5089.9	0.80	5601.2	4848.6	0.57	0.72
IL-8	4.7	3.2	4.9	12.8	0.65	4.6	3.8	0.57	5.8	4.3	0.95	0.74
IL-12	10.2	11.6	9.9	12.5	0.82	10.3	15.2	0.61	9.8	12.0	0.73	0.37
IL-17	171.2	116.5	129.4	135.9	0.44	136.6	229.5	0.80	118.9	117.5	0.18	0.29
Anti-resorptive
IFN-γ	420.4	708.9	469.3	1693.9	0.42	492.3	2054.2	0.33	364.9	1573.9	0.84	0.58
IL-4	205.6	497.6	150.9	243.6	0.61	188.6	266.7	0.99	130.4	202.7	0.25	0.13
IL-10	1640.9	3103.7	1826.6	1258.0	0.86	1954.7	1238.1	0.89	1644.4	1182.8	0.87	0.82
IL-13	188.1	755.9	231.8	397.6	0.93	298.4	434.0	0.79	182.9	350.6	0.52	0.27
TGF-β	119.4	141.8	157.6	187.9	0.68	200.3	208.2	0.30	76.1	139.1	0.41	0.041

Note: Significant p-values are depicted in bold.

Abbreviations: N, Normal BMD, L, Low BMD; OSN, Osteopenia; OSR, Osteoporosis; IQR, Intra quartile range; BMD, Bone mineral density.

Figure 1 Median serum levels of adipokines in postmenopausal women with normal (N) and low BMD (L).

Abbreviation: PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Figure 2 Median circulatory levels of PINP, CTX and estradiol in postmenopausal women with normal (N) and low BMD (L).

Abbreviations: PINP, Total procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide (ng/ml); CTX, β-CrossLaps (pg/ml); Ratio, PINP (ng/ml)/CTX (ng/ml); Estr, 17β estradiol (pg/ml).

Table 3 Regression analysis of circulatory levels of bone and adipokines markers and BMD grouping in unadjusted, age-adjusted and years since menopause-adjusted models

Variable (ln)		Bone Markers		Adipokines markers
		PINP	P/C ratio	Adiponectin	Adipsin	PAI-1	Resistin
Crude
OR		0.182	0.146	2.45	2.03	3.76	3.87
95% CI	LCL	0.055	0.033	1.46	1.11	1.14	1.16
	UCL	0.606	0.646	4.09	3.72	12.37	12.93
p-value		0.005	0.011	0.001	0.022	0.029	0.028
Age-adjusted model
OR		0.208	0.171	2.45	1.98	4.3	3.57
95% CI	LCL	0.059	0.037	1.45	1.05	1.24	1.06
	UCL	0.732	0.779	4.15	3.75	14.88	12.07
p-value		0.014	0.022	0.001	0.035	0.021	0.04
Years since menopause-adjusted model
OR		0.3	0.164	2.71	1.62	2.37	3.07
95% CI	LCL	0.082	0.033	1.44	0.82	0.564	0.71
	UCL	1.09	0.826	5.11	3.21	9.93	13.29
p-value		0.069	0.028	0.002	0.168	0.240	0.134

Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; PINP, Total procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide (ng/ml); CTX, β-CrossLaps (pg/ml); P/C Ratio, PINP (ng/ml)/CTX (ng/ml); OR, Odds Ratio; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; CI, Confidence Interval; LCL, Lower Confidence Level; UCL, Upper Confidence Level.