Investigating the effect of Crocus sativus L. petal hydroalcoholic extract on inflammatory and enzymatic indices resulting from alcohol use in kidney and liver of male rats

Figures & data

Figure 1 Chromatogram of Myricetin and Quercetin by HPLC at 255 nm wavelength.

Figure 2 Chromatogram of Safranal and Crocin by HPLC at 255 nm wavelength.

Table 1 Comparison of the mean serum concentrations of the inflammatory indices in the beginning and end of the study in various groups

Liver enzymes		Control^+	Control^−	Prevention phase		Treatment phase
Normal saline	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW) + HAECSP (167.5 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW) + HAECSP (335 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)/HAECSP (167.5 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)/HAECSP (335 mg/kg/day·BW)
CRP (ng/mL)	Before the intervention	1.78±0.09	1.84±0.13	1.89±0.10	1.86±0.11	1.85±0.07	1.75±0.09
	After the intervention	1.81±0.12	3.83±0.24	2.58±016	1.90±0.14	3.53±0.26	3.28±0.20
P-value	0.840	0.000***	0.041*	0.117	0.000***	0.000***
IL-6 (ng/L)	Before the intervention	2.64±0.10	2.73±0.10	2.59±0.11	2.60±5.08	2.69±0.14	2.70±4.09
	After the intervention	2.69±0.12	5.98±0.22	3.83±0.17	2.90±0.18	5.50±0.24	5.11±0.21
P-value	0.732	0.000***	0.007**	0.062	0.000***	0.000***
TNF-α (pg/mL)	Before the intervention	11.31±0.29	11.16±0.36	11.39±0.22	11.20±0.17	11.26±9.21	11.17±0.31
	After the intervention	11.19±0.26	19.98±0.74	14.10±0.38	12.53±0.32	18.56±0.36	17.39±0.35
P-value	0.595	0.000***	0.006**	0.046*	0.000***	0.002**
Fibrinogen (mg/mL)	Before the intervention	2.43±0.10	2.28±0.13	2.34±0.08	2.38±0.09	2.39±0.11	2.29±0.07
	After the intervention	2.47±0.08	4.33±0.34	3.79±0.34	2.61±0.23	4.18±0.24	3.94±0.31
P-value	0.961	0.000***	0.000***	0.051	0.000***	0.000***

Notes: Values are given as mean±SEM for six rats in each group (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001). Significant values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: HAECSP, hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus petals; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Figure 3 Comparison of the serum concentrations of the inflammatory indices in various groups in contrast to the negative control group. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001).

Table 2 Comparison of the serum concentrations of hepatic enzymes in various groups at the beginning and end of the study

Liver enzymes		Control^+	Control^−	Prevention phase		Treatment phase
Normal saline	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW) + HAECSP (167.5 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW) + HAECSP (335 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)/HAECSP (167.5 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)/HAECSP (335 mg/kg/day·BW)
AST (mg/dL)	Before the intervention	81.16±6.27	81.33±5.27	79.83±5.94	81.83±6.21	82.85±5.76	81.00±4.42
	After the intervention	82.00±6.41	161.66±24.00	106.33±6.53	89.83±6.91	137.28±15.96	128.33±8.33
P-value	0.341	0.000***	0.000***	0.081	0.000***	0.000***
ALT (mg/dL)	Before the intervention	51.50±1.97	52.16±4.95	53.50±4.32	52.16±5.15	52.00±4.85	53.66±4.88
	After the intervention	52.16±3.37	99.83±13.13	64.50±4.27	58.50±4.18	89.33±9.39	79.50±4.50
P-value	0.675	0.000***	0.000***	0.073	0.000***	0.000***
ALP (mg/dL)	Before the intervention	594.66±57.25	598.50±27.89	593.66±27.82	592.66±19.63	597.16±9.28	595.16±15.25
	After the intervention	597.00±50.81	1074.83±97.04	705.50±33.29	662.33±64.50	907.16±7.36	782.50±22.16
P-value	0.595	0.000***	0.000***	0.052	0.000***	0.000***
GGT (mg/dL)	Before the intervention	2.83±0.40	3.08±0.60	2.91±0.37	3.08±0.49	2.91±0.31	3.00±0.44
	After the intervention	3.00±0.63	5.33±0.80	3.86±0.44	3.21±0.40	4.68±0.37	4.33±0.65
P-value	0.363	0.000***	0.000***	0.077	0.000***	0.001**

Notes: Values are given as mean±SEM for six rats in each group. (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001). Significant values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: HAECSP, hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus petals; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase.

Figure 4 Comparison of the serum concentrations of the hepatic enzymes in various groups in contrast to the negative control group. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001).

Table 3 Comparison of the serum concentrations of renal enzymes in various groups at the beginning and end of the study

Kidney enzymes		Positive control	Negative control	Prevention phase		Treatment phase
Normal saline	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day· BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day· BW) + HAECSP (167.5 mg/kg/day·BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day· BW) + HAECSP (335 mg/kg/day· BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day·BW)/HAECSP (167.5 mg/kg/day· BW)	Alcohol (6 mL/kg/day· BW)/HAECSP (335 mg/kg/day· BW)
Creatinine (mg/dL)	Before the intervention	0.42±0.01	0.40±0.02	0.39±0.02	0.40±0.03	0.39±0.03	0.39±0.03
	After the intervention	0.42±0.01	0.76±0.09	0.51±0.01	0.45± −0.02	0.68±0.04	0.66±0.03
P-value	0.415	0.000***	0.001**	0.053	0.000***	0.000***
BUN (mg/dL)	Before the intervention	50.50±5.50	51.53±7.72	52.91±3.58	51.76±2.83	51.51±3.16	52.61±4.72
	After the intervention	50.25±6.84	91.61±5.95	64.98±6.99	55.08±3.15	81.95±6.79	66.58±5.20
P-value	0.521	0.000***	0.001**	0.066	0.000***	0.000***

Notes: Values are given as mean±SEM for six rats in each group. Significant values are shown in bold. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: HAECSP, hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus petals; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

Figure 5 Comparison of the serum concentrations of the renal enzymes in various groups in contrast to the negative control group. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001.