Pressure Ulcer Incidence and Blood Lactate Levels in Intensive Care Unit Patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Groups Studied Calculated for Minimum Lactate Levels

Lactate Levels – Min.
Variables		1A	1B	2A	2B	3A	3B	Total Number of Study Participants
		69 55.2%	10 8.0%	11 8.8%	0 0.0%	28 22.4%	7 5.6%	125
Age range		19–94	20–87	46–85	–	27–90	58–78	19–94
Age (mean±SD)		64.5±15.9	60.4±21.9	68.0±10.2	–	66.6±17.5	64.3±6.9	64.9±15.9
Gender	M	39 56.5%	5 50.0%	5 45.5%	0 0.0%	23 82.1%	5 71.4%	5 71.4%
	F	30 43.5%	5 50.0%	6 54.5%	0 0.0%	5 17.9%	5 71.4%	48 38.4%
Range of duration of stay in ICU		1–64	1–7	4–98	–	4–43	1–17	1–98
Range of lactate levels [mmol/l]		0.2–1.5	1.7–30.0	0.2–1.5	–	0.2–1.6	1.7–12.9	0.2–30.0
Death		13	9	2	0	5	6	35

Abbreviations: 1A, absence of pressure ulcers + lactate levels within the normal range; 1B, absence of pressure ulcers + lactate levels above the normal range (>1.6 mmol/l); 2A, pressure ulcers acquired during ICU stay + lactate levels within the normal range; 2B, pressure ulcers acquired during ICU stay + lactate levels above the normal range (>1.6 mmol/l); 3A, presence of pressure ulcers on admission to ICU + lactate levels within the normal range, 3B, presence of pressure ulcers on admission to ICU + lactate levels above the normal range (>1.6 mmol/l).

Table 2 Characteristics of the Groups Studied Calculated for Maximum Lactate Levels

Lactate Levels – Max.
Variables		1A	1B	2A	2B	3A	3B	Total Number of Study Participants
		34 27.2%	52 41.6%	2 1.6%	2 1.6%	11 8.8%	24 19.2%	125
Age range		19–94	20–90	70–87	46–80	27–90	52–89	19–94
Age (mean±SD)		61.2±16.6	66.1±15.4	78.5±12.0	63.0±24.0	58.5±22.4	69.6±10.7	64.9±15.9
Gender	M	22 64.7%	25 48.1%	0 0.0%	2100%	9 81.8%	19 79.2%	77 61.6%
	F	12 35.3%	27 51.9%	2100%	0 0.0%	2 18.2%	5 20.8%	48 38.4%
Range of duration of stay in ICU		1–26	1–98	5–13	4–5	4–20	1–43	1–98
Range of lactate levels [mmol/l]		0.6–1.6	1.7–30.0	0.9–1.6	2.3–4.9	0.7–1.6	1.7–23.0	0.2–30.0
Death		4	19	1	0	0	11	35

Abbreviations: 1A, absence of pressure ulcers + lactate levels within the normal range; 1B, absence of pressure ulcers + lactate levels above the normal range (>1.6 mmol/l); 2A, pressure ulcers acquired during ICU stay + lactate levels within the normal range; 2B, pressure ulcers acquired during ICU stay + lactate levels above the normal range (>1.6 mmol/l); 3A, presence of pressure ulcers on admission to ICU + lactate levels within the normal range; 3B, presence of pressure ulcers on admission to ICU + lactate levels above the normal range (>1.6 mmol/l).

Figure 1 Study flow.

Figure 2 Descriptive statistics regarding the age and gender composition of the study participants, the number of days the patients stayed in ICU.