Figures & data
Figure 1 WSD fueled more severe inflammatory responses in mice with TNBS-induced colitis.
Notes: (A) Body weight of the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group (n = 11), AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group (n = 11) and WSD-TNBS group (n = 10). * and #Represented the statistical significance in the comparison between the WSD-TNBS group and AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group, the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group and the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group, respectively. *P < 0.05, *** and ###P < 0.001. (B) Percentage of colon shorten among the WSD-TNBS group, the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group and the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001. (C) Representative pictures of the colon in the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group, AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group, and WSD-TNBS group. (D) Representative colonic H&E staining pictures in the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group, AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group, and WSD-TNBS group. (E) Colonic histopathological scores of the WSD-TNBS group (n = 8) and AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group (n = 7) were significantly higher than those in the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group (n = 7). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 2 WSD had little effect on intestine before colitis induction.
Notes: (A) Representative pictures of the colon in the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group and WSD group. (B) There was no statistical difference in the length of colon between the WSD group (n = 6) and the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group (n = 6). (C) Representative colonic and small intestinal H&E staining pictures in the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group and WSD group. (D) Body weight of the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group (n = 28) and WSD group (n = 16). (E) Representative pictures of the liver in the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group and WSD group. (F) Representative hepatic H&E staining and Masson trichrome staining pictures of the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group and WSD group. (G) The hepatic histopathological scores were significantly higher in the WSD group (n = 6) than those in the AIN93G-HFHCC7 group (n = 6). nsP ≥ 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 3 Microarray analysis of genes relative expression changes.
Notes: (A) The heatmaps showed differentially expressed genes among the WSD-TNBS group, AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group and AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group. The red color and green color in row on behalf of relative high expression and low expression, respectively. Each row represented a gene, and each column represented a sample. Several significantly upregulated (B) and downregulated (C) KEGG pathways as well as upregulated (D) and downregulated (E) GO pathways of differentially expressed genes. The larger the dot of each gene pathway, the more related differential genes. The redder the dot, the smaller the P value, but the blue dot also has a P value less than 0.05.
Figure 4 PCA plots of the metabolite profiling of the colonic tissue of mice.
Notes: The purple color represented the WSD-TNBS group, the orange color represented the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group, the green color represented the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group, the red dots represented the quality control samples in the ESI negative (A) and positive (B) ion mode. The WSD-TNBS group was separated from the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group in ESI negative (C) and positive (D) ion mode. The orange color represented the WSD-TNBS group, the green color represented the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group. The heatmaps showed differentially expressed metabolites in the colonic tissue between the WSD-TNBS group and AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group in ESI negative (E) and positive (F) mode. The red color in row on behalf of relative high expression, and the green color on behalf of relative low expression. Each row represented a metabolite, and each column represented a sample.
Figure 5 PCA plots of the metabolite profiling of serum of mice.
Notes: The purple color represented the WSD-TNBS group, the orange color represented the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group, the green color represented the AIN93G-HFHCC7-CON group, the red dots represented the quality control samples in ESI negative (A) and positive (B) ion mode. The WSD-TNBS group was separated from the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group in ESI negative (C) and positive (D) ion mode. The orange color represented the WSD-TNBS group, the green color represented the AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group. The heatmaps showed differentially expressed metabolites in the serum between the WSD-TNBS group and AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group in ESI negative (E) and positive (F) mode. The red color in row on behalf of relative high expression, and the green color on behalf of relative low expression. Each row represented a metabolite, and each column represented a sample.
Figure 6 Interaction network of differential transcripts and metabolites in colonic tissue in comparison between the WSD-TNBS group and AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group.
Notes: The red square represented differential genes, the green circle represented differential metabolites, the solid edge meant the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) >0.8, and the dotted line meant the PCC <−0.8.
Figure 7 Interaction network of differential transcripts in colonic tissue and differential metabolites in serum in comparison between the WSD-TNBS group and AIN93G-HFHCC7-TNBS group.
Notes: The red square represented differential genes, the green circle represented differential metabolites, the solid edge meant the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) >0.8, and the dotted line meant the PCC <−0.8.
Box 1 Hypotheses of WSD Increased Experimental Colitis Susceptibility