https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-0082
Figures & data
Figure 1 The chemical structure of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3.
Figure 2 Vitamin D impacts the innate and adaptive immunity (By Figdraw (www.figdraw.com)).
Notes: In innate immunity, vitamin D inhibit LPS-induced p38 activation and IL-6 and TNF-α production by monocytes, and downregulate TLR-9 expression after stimulated with TLR-9 agonist in monocytes. Vitamin D also favors a anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages, inhibits the innate NF-κB and MAPK signaling in monocyte derived dendritic cells that have been stimulated with LPS. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is downregulated by vitamin D. In adaptive immunity, vitamin D downregulates Th1/Th2 while upregulates Treg/Th17, and decreases the production of IgE while increases IL-10 production. “↑” = increase/upregulated; “↓” = decrease/downregulated.
Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3; Th1, T helper 1; Th2, T helper 2; Treg, regulatory T cell; IL-10, interleukin-10.
Figure 3 Vitamin D influence the development of IBD by directly impacting intestinal immunity, microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier.
Notes: “↑” = increase/up-regulated; “↓” = decrease/down-regulated.
Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Treg, regulatory T cell; Th17, T helper 17; Th1, T helper 1; IEC, intestinal epithelial cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-8, interleukin-8; M2, Macrophages 2; M1, Macrophages 1; DC, Dendritic cell; IL-23, interleukin-23; ILC3, innate lymphoid cell 3.
Table 1 Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Strategy for IBD
Table 2 Vitamin D as a Predictor of IBD Disease Activity