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REVIEW

Long-Term Effects of Severe Burns on the Kidneys: Research Advances and Potential Therapeutic Approaches

ORCID Icon, , , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 1905-1921 | Received 16 Jan 2023, Accepted 14 Apr 2023, Published online: 01 May 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1 Classification of kidney injury. AKI was defined as a more than 50% rise in serum creatinine within 7 days, an increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 2 days, or oliguria for more than 4 hours. AKD is manifested by AKI or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, or a GFR decline of more than 35% from baseline value, or elevated serum creatinine levels (50% higher than baseline), or the presence of significant pathological injury and structural abnormalities, and the entire abnormal process lasts for less than 3 months. CKD refers to kidney structure and dysfunction caused by various reasons, or unexplained GFR decline (<60mL/min·1.73 m2); and the disease must be more than 3 months. Note: AKI, acute kidney injury; AKD, acute kidney disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

Figure 1 Classification of kidney injury. AKI was defined as a more than 50% rise in serum creatinine within 7 days, an increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 2 days, or oliguria for more than 4 hours. AKD is manifested by AKI or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, or a GFR decline of more than 35% from baseline value, or elevated serum creatinine levels (50% higher than baseline), or the presence of significant pathological injury and structural abnormalities, and the entire abnormal process lasts for less than 3 months. CKD refers to kidney structure and dysfunction caused by various reasons, or unexplained GFR decline (<60mL/min·1.73 m2); and the disease must be more than 3 months. Note: AKI, acute kidney injury; AKD, acute kidney disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

Figure 2 The causes of burn-induced AKI can be divided into two stages.

Figure 2 The causes of burn-induced AKI can be divided into two stages.

Figure 3 Different stages of post-burn kidney injury.

Figure 3 Different stages of post-burn kidney injury.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the etiology of post-burn CKD.

Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney injury; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.
Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the etiology of post-burn CKD.

Figure 5 Therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells and exosomes and their engineering strategies.

Figure 5 Therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells and exosomes and their engineering strategies.