Research Progress of Hydrogen on Chronic Nasal Inflammation

Figures & data

Figure 1 Oxidative stress machine in nasal mucosal inflammation.

Figure 2 Mechanism of hydrogen on nasal mucosal inflammation.

Table 1 Basic Research on Hydrogen Improving Chronic Inflammation of Nasal Mucosa

Study [Ref.]	Research Object and Numbers	Intervention Measure	Observation Index	Observation Period	Results
Yu et al^Citation44	AR models of guinea pig; 32 were divided into 4 groups.	Intraperitoneal and intranasally injection HRS or NS.	Frequencies of scratching and sneezing; IgE, ECP, MDA, SOD.	14 days	HRS reduced the ROS and MDA levels and increased SOD level in guinea pigs of AR-HRS group, and there was a decline of the number of eosinophils cells in blood and of the level of ECP in serum.
Zhao et al^Citation39	18 guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups	Intraperitoneal and intranasally injection HRS or NS.	IgE, IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the serum.	14 days	The levels of IgE, IL-4, and IL-13, in the serum were decreased significantly after HRS treatment.The expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA and protein in the nasal mucosa were also lower in guinea pigs treated with HRS than those in the AR group.
Xu et al^Citation46	18 guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups.	20 μL of HRS was introduced into each nasal airway.	Scores of symptoms, number of eosinophils, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cell, the proportions of Th1/Th2 of the peripheral blood.	10 days	Scores of symptoms, number of eosinophils, and nasal mucosa damage were dramatically reduced after HRS treatment. HRS increased the expression of Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, and number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells, which were reduced in AR. HRS also revised the dysregulation of Th1/Th2 balance. Both the number and biological activity of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells increased with upregulation of Th1/Th2 after HRS administration.
Fang et al^Citation18	A total of 106 female BALB/c mice.	Hydrogen inhalation.	Assessment of nasal symptoms; Expression levels of IL-5, IL-13 and MCP-1; tissue preparation.	7 days	Expression levels of IL-5, IL-13 and MCP‑1 were significantly increased in the AR Group; increased the level of IFN-γ; and regulate Th1/Th2 responses.

Abbreviations: AR, allergic rhinitis; HRS, hydrogen-rich saline; NS, normal saline; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MCP‑1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1.

Yu S, Zhao C, Che N, Jing L, Ge R. Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates eosinophil activation in a Guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis via reducing oxidative stress. J Inflamm (Lond). 2017;14:1. doi:10.1186/s12950-016-0148-x

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Zhao C, Yu S, Li J, Xu W, Ge R. Changes in IL-4 and IL-13 expression in allergic-rhinitis treated with hydrogen-rich saline in Guinea-pig model. Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 2017;45(4):350–355. doi:10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.007

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Xu F, Yu S, Qin M, et al. Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates allergic rhinitis by reversing the imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Up-Regulation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells, Interleukin-10, and membrane-bound transforming growth factor-β in guinea pigs. Inflammation. 2018;41(1):81–92. doi:10.1007/s10753-017-0666-6

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Fang S, Li X, Wei X, et al. Beneficial effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Exp Ther Med. 2018;16(6):5178–5184. doi:10.3892/etm.2018.6880

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