Fenugreek Seed Ethanolic Extract Improves Alveolar Bone Parameters by Attenuating Inflammation in Ovariectomized Rats

Figures & data

Figure 1 Effect of FSEE on blood estrogen (A), ER-α expression (B), osteoblasts (C), osteoclasts (D), osteocytes (E), and ratio of OPG/RANKL (F). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.001, ***p<0.0002, ****p<0.0001.

Abbreviations: FSEE, fenugreek seed ethanolic extract; OVX, ovariectomized; ERα, estrogen receptor-α; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand.

Figure 2 Effect of FSEE on number of blood vessels (A), VEGF expression (B), IL-6 expression (C), TGF-β₁ expression (D), sclerostin expression (E), and ratio of M1/M2 (F). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.001, ***p<0.0002, ****p<0.0001.

Abbreviations: FSEE, fenugreek seed ethanolic extract; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IL-6, interleukin-6; TGF-β₁, transforming growth factor-β₁; M1/M2, macrophage-1/macrophage-2 ratio; Ovx, ovariectomized.

Figure 3 Hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis of alveolar tissue sections after different durations of FSEE treatment.

Abbreviations: FSEE, fenugreek seed ethanolic extract; OVX, ovariectomized; HE, hematoxylin–eosin; ERα, estrogen receptor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand; IL-6, interleukin-6; TGF-β₁, transforming growth factor-β₁.