Figures & data
Table 1 Symptoms and Incidence of Diabetes-Related Cognitive Impairment
Figure 1 After stimulated by external signal series, MSCs activate multiple signaling pathways and activate the synthesis of various proteins and non-coding RNAs through signaling. Several exosome-associated proteins such as TSG101, Alix, CD63, etc., become enriched in MVEs and participate in the packaging of exosomal cargo. With the assistance of ESCRT, ILVs are formed within MVEs. Simultaneously, MVEs may undergo material exchange with the Golgi apparatus and undergo partial degradation within lysosomes. The remaining MVEs then fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing exosomes into the extracellular space. Exosomes released in this manner often have molecular markers such as CD9, CD63, CD81, CD82 on their surface (created with BioRender.com).
Table 2 Comparison of Exosome Isolation Methods
Figure 2 Overview of the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on diabetes-associated cognitive impairment (created with BioRender.com).
